Table 2.
Logistic Regression of the Association Between Depressive Mood and Instrumental Support From Adult Children
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | |
| Gender (ref. men) | |||||
| Women | 1.82*** [1.59, 2.09] | 1.82*** [1.58, 2.09] | 1.81*** [1.57, 2.08] | 1.94*** [1.66, 2.27] | 1.95*** [1.67, 2.28] |
| ADL (no limitations) | |||||
| Mild limitations | 2.42*** [2.04, 2.86] | 2.42*** [2.05, 2.87] | 2.66*** [2.17, 3.26] | 2.66*** [2.17, 3.27] | 2.66*** [2.17, 3.27] |
| Medium limitations | 3.69*** [2.57, 5.29] | 3.75*** [2.61, 5.39] | 4.37*** [2.72, 7.03] | 4.39*** [2.73, 7.06] | 4.37*** [2.71, 7.03] |
| Severe limitations | 2.18*** [1.50, 3.17] | 2.22*** [1.52, 3.24] | 4.90*** [2.83, 8.48] | 4.90***[2.83, 8.48] | 4.86*** [2.80, 8.42] |
| Living situation (ref. lives alone) | |||||
| Lives with partner | 1.03 [0.89, 1.20] | 1.09 [0.93, 1.28] | 1.01 [0.87, 1.18] | 1.00 [0.86, 1.17] | 1.01 [0.86, 1.17] |
| Lives with a child | 1.47** [1.14, 1.88] | 1.41*** [1.19, 1.68] | 1.43** [1.11, 1.84] | 1.41** [1.10, 1.82] | 1.41** [1.09, 1.81] |
| Lives with partner and child | 1.08 [0.80, 1.46] | 1.09 [0.93, 1.28] | 1.05 [0.78, 1.42] | 1.05 [0.78, 1.43] | 1.05 [0.77, 1.42] |
| Contact with child (ref. daily or several times a week) | |||||
| Once a week | 1.09 [0.93, 1.28] | 1.09 [0.93, 1.28] | 1.09 [0.93, 1.29] | 1.09 [0.93, 1.28] | 1.16 [0.96, 1.39] |
| Less than once a week | 1.40*** [1.18, 1.67] | 1.41*** [1.19, 1.68] | 1.40*** [1.17, 1.66] | 1.39*** [1.17, 1.66] | 1.48*** [1.22, 1.79] |
| Country regime (ref. familialistic) | |||||
| Hybrid | 0.81* [0.69, 0.96] | 0.82* [0.68, 0.98] | 0.82* [0.68, 0.98] | 0.82* [0.68, 0.99] | 0.81* [0.67, 0.97] |
| Conservative | 0.71** [0.58, 0.88] | 0.66*** [0.52, 0.85] | 0.65*** [0.51, 0.83] | 0.65*** [0.51, 0.83] | 0.64*** [0.50, 0.82] |
| Social democratic | 0.56*** [0.46, 0.69] | 0.53*** [0.42, 0.68] | 0.53*** [0.42, 0.67] | 0.53*** [0.42, 0.67] | 0.52*** [0.41, 0.66] |
| Instrumental support from child (ref: no support) | |||||
| Sporadic | 1.32* [1.07, 1.64] | 1.13 [0.75, 1.72] | 1.21 [0.79, 1.85] | 1.63 [0.97, 2.76] | 1.77* [1.04, 3.00] |
| Every week | 1.15 [0.93, 1.43] | 1.15 [0.77, 1.71] | 1.30 [0.87, 1.96] | 1.92* [1.14, 3.23] | 1.92* [1.13, 3.28] |
| Daily | 1.49** [1.14, 1.95] | 1.36 [0.93, 2.00] | 1.80** [1.16, 2.80] | 1.69 [0.93, 3.07] | 1.72 [0.94, 3.13] |
| Instrumental support *Country regime | |||||
| Sporadic * Hybrid | 1.23 [0.71, 2.14] | 1.20 [0.69, 2.10] | 1.24 [0.71, 2.15] | 1.45 [0.82, 2.55] | |
| Sporadic * Conservative | 0.88 [0.45, 1.73] | 0.86 [0.44, 1.70] | 0.86 [0.44, 1.70] | 1.01 [0.51, 2.01] | |
| Sporadic * Social democratic | 1.51 [0.84, 2.71] | 1.55 [0.86, 2.79] | 1.58 [0.88, 2.84] | 1.77 [0.98, 3.21] | |
| Every week * Hybrid | 0.79 [0.47, 1.33] | 0.83 [0.50, 1.39] | 0.86 [0.52, 1.44] | 0.87 [0.52, 1.45] | |
| Every week * Conservative | 1.49 [0.85, 2.62] | 1.49 [0.85, 2.59] | 1.48 [0.85, 2.58] | 1.50 [0.86, 2.63] | |
| Every week * Social democratic | 0.97 [0.51, 1.82] | 1.08 [0.58, 2.04] | 1.12 [0.60, 2.10] | 1.14 [0.60, 2.14] | |
| Daily * Hybrid | 1.09 [0.61, 1.93] | 1.04 [0.58, 1.86] | 1.04 [0.58, 1.86] | 1.06 [0.59, 1.90] | |
| Daily * Conservative | 1.48 [0.72, 3.05] | 1.41 [0.69, 2.89] | 1.38 [0.67, 2.85] | 1.40 [0.68, 2.90] | |
| Daily * Social democratic | 0.91 [0.32, 2.56] | 0.90 [0.32, 2.57] | 0.89 [0.31, 2.56] | 0.91 [0.32, 2.61] | |
| Instrumental support *ADL | |||||
| Sporadic * Mild limitations | 0.87 [0.48, 1.57] | 0.86 [0.48, 1.54] | 0.90 [0.50, 1.61] | ||
| Sporadic * Medium limitations | 2.23 [0.41, 12.24] | 2.05 [0.38, 11.18] | 2.16 [0.40, 11.57] | ||
| Sporadic * Severe limitations | 0.10** [0.03, 0.40] | 0.11** [0.03, 0.43] | 0.13** [0.03, 0.50] | ||
| Every week * Mild limitations | 0.76 [0.47, 1.24] | 0.74 [0.46, 1.21] | 0.75 [0.46, 1.22] | ||
| Every week * Medium limitations | 0.21** [0.08, 0.56] | 0.21** [0.08, 0.54] | 0.21** [0.08, 0.55] | ||
| Every week * Severe limitations | 0.35 [0.12, 1.02] | 0.34* [0.12, 1.00] | 0.33* [0.12, 0.97] | ||
| Daily * Mild limitations | 0.58 [0.33, 1.03] | 0.57 [0.32, 1.02] | 0.57 [0.32, 1.02] | ||
| Daily * Medium limitations | 1.54 [0.46, 5.13] | 1.51 [0.45, 5.06] | 1.52 [0.45, 5.11] | ||
| Daily * Severe limitations | 0.15*** [0.06, 0.40] | 0.15*** [0.06, 0.41] | 0.16*** [0.06, 0.41] | ||
| Instrumental support * Gender | |||||
| Sporadic * Women | 0.64 [0.41, 1.03] | 0.64 [0.41, 1.02] | |||
| Every week * Women | 0.59* [0.38, 0.92] | 0.60* [0.38, 0.94] | |||
| Daily * Women | 1.08 [0.61, 1.92] | 1.08 [0.60, 1.93] | |||
| Instrumental support * Contact with child | |||||
| Sporadic * Once a week | 0.70 [0.41, 1.20] | ||||
| Sporadic * Less than once a week | 0.48* [0.26, 0.87] | ||||
| Every week * Once a week | 0.88 [0.54, 1.42] | ||||
| Every week * Less than once a week | 1.15 [0.63, 2.08] | ||||
| Daily * Once a week | 0.94 [0.44, 2.01] | ||||
Notes. ADL = activities of daily living; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% CIs in brackets.
SHARE release 2.5.1. Own calculations; unweighted. Models restricted to respondents 65 and older who have at least one child (N = 6,268) controlling for age, living situation, education, employment, making ends meet, self-rated physical health, stressful events, number of children, volunteering activity, history of depressive mood, child lives within 5 km, financial and instrumental support to child, instrumental support from other source.
aNumber of daily activities the respondent has difficulty with.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.