Activation of NF-κB by Tax is not required for G0/G1 arrest in HEK293T cells. Cell cycle distribution of the fluorescence-negative, EGFP-only (antisense transcription), and DsRed/EGFP (sense and antisense transcription) populations from HEK293T cells cotransfected with pHTLV-DsRed-AsEGFP-HTLV and pcDNA3.1 (A), pSG-Tax (B), or pSG-TaxM22 (C). The graph shows mean percentages of cells in G0/G1, S, and G2/M phase from the fluorescence-negative, EGFP-only, and DsRed/EGFP populations for three independent experiments. Transfection of pcDNA3.1 does not produce a DsRed/EGFP population. Error bars denote standard deviations. (D) HEK293T cells were cotransfected with vCRE-Luc (200 ng) or pNF-κB-Luc and pSG-Tax (200 ng) or pSG-TaxM22 (200 ng). The graph shows average luminescence values ± standard deviations from one experiment performed in triplicate and is representative of three independent experiments. Cellular lysates used for the luciferase assay were also analyzed by Western blotting using the antibodies indicated.