Table 1.

Small Pilot and Preintervention-Postintervention Studies

Source	Intervention and Study Population Description	Follow-up RCT
Decision Making Tools for ACP
Braun et al,²³ 2006	Booklets on 5 end-of-life topics to be targeted to the elderly	NA
Hickman et al,³⁴ 2014	Video and web-based interactive education regarding completion of advance directive	NA
Hossler et al,²⁴ 2010	Interactive, computer- based tool on ACP for patients with ALS	NA
Enguidanos et al,²⁵ 2011	Brochure on African Americans and hospice care for outpatients with chronic illnesses	NA
Schiff et al,²⁶ 2009	Booklet on ACP for elderly hospitalized patients	NA
Schubart et al,²⁷ 2012	Computer-based tool about ACP for elderly outpatients	NA
Volandes et al,¹⁵ 2008	Two-minute video showing features of advanced dementia and goals of care for elderly Latino outpatients	Volandes et al,³⁵ 2009; Volandes et al,³⁶ 2009; and Volandes et al,³⁷ 2011
Decision Making Tools to Support Current Choices
Brundage et al,²⁸ 2000	Booklet with descriptions of treatment options for advanced NSCLC and adverse effects	NA
Cox et al,⁷ 2012	Ten-page booklet describing chronic critical illness to aid families of patients in the ICU	Study in progress and recruiting, https://clinicaltrials.gov
Dales et al,²⁹ 1999	Booklet with accompanying audio portion about MV in severe COPD	NA
Deep et al,¹⁶ 2010	Two-minute video showing features of advanced dementia and goals of care for families of patients with advanced dementia	Volandes et al,³⁵ 2009; Volandes et al,³⁶ 2009; and Volandes et al,³⁷ 2011
Leighl et al,¹⁷ 2008	Twenty-five–page booklet on lung cancer treatment and outcomes for patients with advanced NSCLC	Leighl et al,³⁸ 2011
Matlock et al,³⁰ 2014	Booklet on palliative care, including importance of ACP and clarifying goals and wishes for inpatients undergoing evaluation by a palliative care team	NA
McCannon et al,¹⁸ 2012	Three-minute video on CPR and mechanical ventilation for families of critically ill patients	Epstein et al,³⁹ 2013
Mitchell et al,¹⁹ 2001	Audiobooklet addressing feeding options for families of patients with advanced dementia	Hanson et al,⁴⁰ 2011
Sepucha et al,³¹ 2009	Thirty-minute video with booklet that addresses living with metastatic breast cancer	NA
Smith et al,³² 2011	Printed booklet with review of diagnoses, prognosis, treatment options, and adverse effects for advanced malignant disease	NA
Sudore et al,²⁰ 2014	Easy-to-read, culturally appropriate, interactive, website that includes a 5-step ACP process and the use of how-to videos that model ACP behavior. The program is focused on teaching elderly patients how to identify what is most important in life, how to communicate that with others, and how make informed medical decisions.	Study in progress and recruiting, https://clinicaltrials.gov
Snyder et al,²¹ 2013	Printed booklet written at sixth-grade level on advanced dementia and feeding options for families of these patients	Hanson et al,⁴⁰ 2011
Volandes et al,²² 2012	Six-minute video depicting the following 3 possible levels of care: full, limited, or comfort focus for patients with advanced cancer	El-Jawahri et al,⁴¹ 2010; Volandes et al,⁴² 2012
Wilson et al,³³ 2005	Booklet with audio portion describing COPD and MV for Canadian outpatients with severe COPD	NA

Abbreviations: ACP, advance care planning; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ICU, intensive care unit; MV, manual ventilation; NA, not applicable; NSCLC, non–small cell lung cancer; RCT, randomized clinical trial.