Table 1.
Factors associated with decreased abdominal compliance. Adapted from [2] with permission
| 1) Related to anthropomorphy and demographics | |
| - Android composition (sphere, apple shape) | |
| - Increased visceral fat | |
| - Waist‐to‐hip ratio > 1 | |
| - Short stature | |
| - Male sex | |
| - Young age (increased elastic recoil) | |
| - Obesity (weight, BMI) | |
| 2) Related to comorbidities and/or increased non‐compressible intra‐abdominal volume (IAV) | |
| - Fluid overload | |
| - Abdominal fluid collections, pseudocyst, abscess | |
| - Sepsis, burns, trauma and bleeding (coagulopathy) | |
| - Bowels filled with fluid | |
| - Stomach filled with fluid | |
| - Tense ascites | |
| - Hepatomegaly | |
| - Splenomegaly | |
| 3) Related to abdominal wall and diaphragm | |
| - Interstitial and anasarca edema (skin, abdominal wall) | |
| - Abdominal burn eschars (circular) | |
| - Thoracic burn eschars (circular) | |
| - Tight closure after abdominal surgery | |
| - Abdominal Velcro belt or adhesive drapes | |
| - Prone positioning | |
| - Head‐of‐bed > 45° | |
| - Umbilical hernia repair | |
| - Muscle contractions (pain) | |
| - Body builders (‘6‐pack’) | |
| - Pneumoperitoneum | |
| - Pneumatic anti‐shock garments | |
| - Abdominal wall bleeding | |
| - Rectus sheath hematoma | |
| - Correction of large hernias | |
| - Gastroschisis | |
| - Omphalocele | |
| - Mechanical ventilation (positive pressure) | |
| - Fighting with the ventilator | |
| - Use of accessory muscles | |
| - Use of positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) | |
| - Presence of auto‐PEEP (tension pneumothorax) | |
| - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) emphysema (diaphragm flattening) | |
| - Basal pleuropneumonia |