Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 17.
Published in final edited form as: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 May 1;66(Suppl 1):S13–S26. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000124

TABLE 4.

Factors Associated With Undiagnosed HIV Infection by Sex, Ever Sexually Active Persons Aged 15–64 Years, KAIS 2012

Men (N = 4026)
Women (N = 5767)
OR (95% CI) P AOR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P AOR (95% CI) P
Sociodemographic characteristics
 Age group, years
  15–19 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 —
  20–24 3.0 (0.6 to 15.6) 0.202 1.6 (0.3 to 9.3) 0.621 3.4 (1.0 to 11.2) 0.046 2.6 (0.7 to 9.5) 0.149
  25–29 7.0 (1.4 to 33.6) 0.016 4.1 (0.7 to 24.3) 0.120 4.4 (1.4 to 14.1) 0.013 3.6 (1.0 to 13.7) 0.057
  30–34 8.0 (1.7 to 36.8) 0.008 3.4 (0.5 to 23.1) 0.206 3.3 (1.0 to 11.0) 0.057 3.3 (0.8 to 14.0) 0.099
  35–39 5.2 (1.2 to 22.2) 0.028 2.2 (0.3 to 17.5) 0.452 4.9 (1.5 to 16.2) 0.010 4.5 (1.1 to 18.3) 0.037
  40–44 8.7 (1.8 to 41.3) 0.007 4.8 (0.7 to 32.5) 0.111 3.7 (1.1 to 12.0) 0.032 2.8 (0.7 to 11.2) 0.135
  45–49 11.5 (2.4 to 54.0) 0.002 5.2 (0.8 to 36.1) 0.092 4.4 (1.2 to 16.0) 0.024 3.3 (0.7 to 15.6) 0.129
  50–54 7.0 (1.5 to 33.9) 0.015 3.3 (0.5 to 22.8) 0.223 3.3 (0.9 to 11.8) 0.073 3.3 (0.8 to 14.4) 0.107
  55–59 5.8 (1.0 to 32.3) 0.046 2.0 (0.3 to 15.7) 0.512 1.8 (0.5 to 7.0) 0.408 1.8 (0.4 to 9.0) 0.478
  60–64 3.9 (0.7 to 21.1) 0.109 1.1 (0.1 to 17.0) 0.922 0.7 (0.1 to 4.2) 0.718 0.7 (0.1 to 5.6) 0.761
 Highest educational attainment
  No primary education 1.0 — * * 1.0 — 1.0 —
  Incomplete primary education 1.1 (0.3 to 3.5) 0.934 * * 1.6 (0.7 to 3.7) 0.268 2.1 (0.9 to 4.6) 0.068
  Completed primary education 1.4 (0.5 to 3.7) 0.523 * * 2.1 (1.2 to 3.8) 0.013 1.6 (0.6 to 4.3) 0.313
  Completed secondary education or higher 1.1 (0.5 to 2.8) 0.764 * * 1.9 (1.0 to 3.3) 0.035 1.7 (0.8 to 3.6) 0.205
 Region
  Nairobi 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 —
  Central 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) 0.024 0.4 (0.1 to 1.1) 0.072 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) 0.680 1.4 (0.7 to 2.8) 0.400
  Coast 0.5 (0.2 to 1.2) 0.128 0.6 (0.2 to 1.7) 0.321 1.4 (0.8 to 2.6) 0.268 2.0 (1.0 to 4.1) 0.061
  Eastern North 0.3 (0.1 to 1.2) 0.091 0.4 (0.1 to 1.8) 0.251 0.6 (0.2 to 1.5) 0.282 1.3 (0.4 to 3.8) 0.666
  Eastern South 0.6 (0.2 to 1.7) 0.303 0.8 (0.3 to 2.4) 0.667 1.0 (0.4 to 2.1) 0.915 1.0 (0.4 to 2.4) 0.933
  North Rift 0.7 (0.3 to 1.7) 0.402 0.7 (0.3 to 1.8) 0.485 1.1 (0.5 to 2.2) 0.878 1.0 (0.4 to 2.8) 0.965
  Nyanza 3.1 (1.6 to 6.0) <0.001 2.1 (0.9 to 4.7) 0.074 2.9 (1.6 to 5.0) <0.001 2.9 (1.4 to 6.0) 0.004
  South Rift 0.6 (0.2 to 1.4) 0.222 0.6 (0.2 to 2.1) 0.448 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) 0.154 1.6 (0.7 to 3.6) 0.219
  Western 0.7 (0.3 to 1.6) 0.393 0.6 (0.3 to 1.5) 0.286 0.9 (0.5 to 1.7) 0.770 1.6 (0.7 to 3.6) 0.291
 Residence
  Rural 1.0 — * * 1.0 — 1.0 —
  Urban 1.2 (0.7 to 1.9) 0.513 * * 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) 0.014 1.8 (1.1 to 2.7) 0.012
 Wealth index
  Poorest 1.0 — * * 1.0 — 1.0 —
  Second 1.7 (0.8 to 3.3) 0.138 * * 1.4 (0.9 to 2.4) 0.153 1.0 (0.6 to 1.9) 0.913
  Third 1.3 (0.7 to 2.6) 0.433 * * 1.4 (0.8 to 2.5) 0.243 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) 0.454
  Fourth 1.6 (0.8 to 3.3) 0.165 * * 2.1 (1.2 to 3.6) 0.009 1.4 (0.7 to 2.7) 0.364
  Richest 1.3 (0.6 to 2.8) 0.435 * * 1.4 (0.8 to 2.4) 0.254 0.8 (0.4 to 1.8) 0.599
 Marital status
  Never married/never cohabited 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 —
  Ever widowed 9.9 (4.2 to 23.0) <0.001 8.1 (1.9 to 34.6) 0.005 2.0 (1.1 to 3.7) 0.022 2.2 (0.9 to 5.5) 0.080
  Separated or divorced 3.7 (1.4 to 9.8) 0.008 2.5 (0.7 to 9.3) 0.157 3.3 (1.9 to 5.8) <0.001 2.3 (1.1 to 5.0) 0.033
  Currently married or cohabiting—polygamous 4.2 (1.6 to 11.4) 0.004 1.3 (0.3 to 6.2) 0.749 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) 0.383 1.0 (0.4 to 2.6) 0.921
  Currently married or cohabiting—monogamous 3.1 (1.6 to 6.0) <0.001 2.8 (0.9 to 8.6) 0.065 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) 0.410 0.8 (0.4 to 1.7) 0.626
Behavioral indicators
 Lifetime number of partners
  1 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 —
  2–3 2.2 (1.0 to 5.0) 0.050 1.8 (0.6 to 5.4) 0.263 1.9 (1.2 to 2.8) 0.002 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) 0.261
  4+ 3.3 (1.4 to 8.1) 0.008 2.3 (0.8 to 7.0) 0.128 3.5 (2.2 to 5.5) <0.001 1.9 (1.1 to 3.4) 0.026
  Do not know 5.9 (2.3 to 15.1) <0.001 2.7 (0.7 to 10.1) 0.135 2.3 (1.1 to 4.6) 0.022 1.4 (0.6 to 3.3) 0.390
 Used a condom with last partner in the past 12 mo
  No 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 —
  Yes 1.8 (1.1 to 2.9) 0.013 3.3 (1.8 to 6.2) <0.001 2.5 (1.7 to 3.8) <0.001 2.3 (1.2 to 4.2) 0.009
  Not sexual active in the past 12 mo 0.7 (0.3 to 1.3) 0.256 1.6 (0.6 to 4.0) 0.332 1.8 (1.2 to 2.5) 0.003 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) 0.340
 HIV risk perception
  No risk 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 —
  Low risk 1.6 (0.9 to 2.9) 0.107 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) 0.444 1.3 (0.8 to 2.0) 0.311 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1) 0.249
  Moderate risk 1.6 (0.7 to 3.8) 0.235 0.8 (0.3 to 2.1) 0.718 2.5 (1.5 to 4.1) <0.001 2.1 (1.3 to 3.5) 0.002
  Great risk 3.3 (1.3 to 8.3) 0.011 2.3 (0.8 to 6.6) 0.122 2.1 (1.1 to 4.0) 0.028 1.6 (0.8 to 3.2) 0.192
Most-at-risk behaviors
 Ever injected drugs for pleasure
  No 1.0 — * * — — — —
  Yes 3.5 (0.5 to 25.9) 0.215 * * — — — —
 Ever had anal sex
  No 1.0 — * * 1.0 — 1.0 —
  Yes 1.2 (0.4 to 3.6) 0.759 * * 2.3 (1.0 to 5.3) 0.059 1.7 (0.6 to 4.6) 0.281
 Ever received money, gifts, or goods in exchange for sex
  No 1.0 — * * 1.0 — * *
  Yes 1.4 (0.6 to 3.4) 0.476 * * 1.4 (0.7 to 2.9) 0.340 * *
 Ever gave money, gifts, or goods in exchange for sex (men only)
  No 1.0 — * * — — — —
  Yes 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) 0.986 * * — — — —
Biologic indicators
 STI symptoms in the past 12 mo
  No 1.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 — * *
  Yes 3.6 (1.7 to 7.6) <0.001 1.6 (0.7 to 3.8) 0.280 1.3 (0.7 to 2.4) 0.386 * *
 Ever been tested for HIV
  No 1.0 — * * 1.0 — * *
  Yes 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 0.740 * * 1.0 (0.6 to 1.5) 0.876 * *
 Male circumcision status (men only)
  No 1.0 — 1.0 — — — — —
  Yes 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) <0.001 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) <0.001 — — — —
 Male partner circumcised (women only)
  No — — — — 1.0 — 1.0 —
  Yes — — — — 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) <0.001 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) 0.106
*

Indicates variable not retained in final multivariate model.

Bolded results were statistically significant findings at P < 0.05 in the final multivariate model.

AOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio.