Figure 1.

Study sites in Madagascar and phylogenetic beta diversity based on mean pairwise distance (MPD) and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD). Ecoregions follow [27] and are marked in colour; habitat is marked in text. Fire intensity and physical disturbance intensity are marked with symbols: black circles indicate no disturbance; small red and blue circles indicate intermediate levels of fire and physical disturbance, respectively; big red and blue stars indicate high levels of fire and physical disturbance, respectively. All four traits have significant phylogenetic structure (posterior tail probability, p < 0.01). Grasslands are mostly distributed in the Western (52.5%) and Central (38.1%) parts, but are also present in other regions, in Southern (4.8%), Eastern (3.9%), Sambirano (0.6%) and High mountains ecoregion (0.2%). Note that the Eastern ecoregion was not sampled at all.