Figure 1.

Predictions from theory for the evolution of within- and across-generation phenotypic plasticity. The line with closed circles represents expectations for organisms reared in the presence of the environmental cue. The line with open squares represents the expectations for organisms not exposed to the environmental cue. (a) Local co-adaptation: high environmental (temporal) variation is expected to favour increased within- and across-generation plasticity [22,23]. (b) Antagonistic adaptation: divergent conditions select for within- versus across-generation plasticity [25–27]. Low temporal variation favours increased transgenerational plasticity.