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An updated view of information flow in biological systems (solid arrows) and structural modifications of biomacromolecules (dashed arrows).18,20,21,24-26 The carbohydrate sequences are not template-driven but are defined by the activities of proteins (enzymes) encoded by the genetic information and a bold hollow arrow is used to represent the process. Carbohydrates presented on proteins are also considered as a type of protein post-translational modification (PTM).
