Table 2.

Potential biomarkers for identification of underlying disease processes in HFpEF

Pathophysiological process	Biomarkers
Inflammation	CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, Pentraxin-3, Galectin-3, MCP-1, GDF-15, Soluble ST2
Extracellular matrix remodelling	MMPs, TIMPs, Collagen propeptides (PICP, PINP, PIIINP, CITP, Galectin-3
Myocyte stress	(NT-pro)BNP, ANP, (nt-proCNP), GDF-15
Myocyte injury/apoptosis	Troponins, Galectin-3
Endothelial dysfunction	E-selectin, P-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, (NT-proCNP), cGMP
Oxidative stress	Nitrotyrosine
Renal dysfunction	Cystatin-c, microalbuminuria
Miscellaneous	Homocysteine, advanced glycation end products

CRP C-reactive protein, IL-6 interleukin 6, IL-8 interleukin 8, IL-10 interleukin 10, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, GDF-15 growth differentiation factor 15, MMPs matrix metalloproteinases, TIMPs tissue inhibitor of MMPs, PICP C-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1, PINP N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1, PIIINP N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III, CITP C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I, ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1.