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. 2015 Dec 4;310(3):H404–H415. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00247.2015

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

ANG II induces microglial activation within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus of control rats and mice, an effect that is blunted in the absence of functional Toll-like receptor (TLR)4. A and B: confocal images of microglial marker ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (IBA)1 staining in the presence of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; A) and ANG II (1 μM, 60 min; B) in control rats. C and D: IBA1 signal-subtracted threshold used for quantification. Insets show vasopressin stain used as an anatomic marker to trace the region of interest (PVN). E and F: summary data showing the ANG II-induced increase in microglial cell density in control rats (n = 10; E) and TLR4-sufficient mice (n = 5; F). Microglial cell density was not altered in TLR4-deficient mice in the presence of ANG II (n = 3; F). ***P < 0.0001 and *P < 0.05 vs. aCSF. The vertical arrow points dorsally and the horizontal arrow points medially. Scale bars = 50 μm.