Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants
| Variable (Unit) | Total n = 1243 | Urban | Rural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |||
| n = 518 | n = 183 | n = 335 | n = 725 | n = 178 | 547 | |||
| Age (Year) | Mean (SD) a | 41.5 (8.2) | 41.2 (9.9) | 44.4 (10.1) | 39.5 (9.3) | 41.6 (6.7) | 42.5 (7.0) | 41.3 (6.6) |
| Age Group d,e | ||||||||
| 20-39 Year (%) | 42.9 | 47.1 | 36.6 | 52.8 | 39.9 | 36.0 | 41.1 | |
| 40-59 Year (%) | 54.6 | 47.1 | 53.6 | 43.6 | 60.0 | 64.0 | 58.7 | |
| 60 Year or Above (%) | 2.5 | 5.8 | 9.8 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | |
| Male (%) | 29.0 | 35.3 | 24.6 | |||||
| Education | Median (25th–75th) c,a | 6 (0–10) | 10 (8–14) | 12 (10–15) | 10 (8–12) | 4 (0–6) | 4 (0–7) | 4 (0–5) |
| Level of Education d,e | ||||||||
| Illiterate (%) | 28.7 | 7.6 | 3.3 | 9.9 | 43.7 | 43.8 | 43.7 | |
| Primary (%) | 20.5 | 6.2 | .5 | 9.3 | 30.6 | 27.0 | 31.8 | |
| Secondary (%) | 30.5 | 40.7 | 28.0 | 47.6 | 23.3 | 25.8 | 22.5 | |
| Post secondary (%) | 20.3 | 45.5 | 68.1 | 33.2 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 2.0 | |
| Household income (Takab ,000) | Median (25th-75th) c,a | 10 (5–15) | 18 (10–25) | 18 (10–28) | 16 (10–25) | 6 (4–10) | 5 (4–8) | 6 (4–10) |
| Income Group d | ||||||||
| Low: ≤6,000 Taka/mo (%) | 38.4 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 61.7 | 68.0 | 59.6 | |
| Medium: 6,001–12,000/mo (%) | 28.6 | 28.5 | 28.6 | 28.4 | 28.7 | 25.8 | 29.6 | |
| High: >12,000 (%) | 33.0 | 65.7 | 65.4 | 65.9 | 9.7 | 6.2 | 10.8 | |
| Boby Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) | Mean (SD) c,a | 23.0 (4.5) | 25.9 (4.2) | 24.7 (3.4) | 26.6 (4.5) | 21.0 (3.5) | 20.3 (3.0) | 21.2 (3.7) |
| BMI Category d,e | ||||||||
| Underweight (≤18.49 kg/m2) (%) | 50.9 | 38.2 | 50.8 | 31.3 | 60.0 | 60.7 | 59.8 | |
| Normal (18.50–24.99 kg/m2) (%) | 16.9 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 26.6 | 32.0 | 24.9 | |
| Overwt/Obese (> = 25 kg/m2) (%) | 32.2 | 58.5 | 45.9 | 65.4 | 13.4 | 7.3 | 15.4 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | Mean (SD) c,a | 78.6 (11.3) | 85.8 (10.1) | 88.2 (7.9) | 88.4 (10.9) | 73.6 (9.1) | 75.0 (9.3) | 73.1 (9.0) |
| Abdominal Obesity d,e | ||||||||
| Normal (<90 cm M,<80 cm F) (%) | 62.8 | 37.8 | 54.1 | 29.0 | 80.6 | 92.7 | 76.6 | |
| Anbdominally Obese (≥90 cm M,≥80 cm F) (%) | 37.2 | 62.2 | 45.9 | 71.0 | 19.4 | 7.3 | 23.4 | |
| Waist-to-Hip Ratio d,e | Normal (<0.90 M,<0.85 F) (%) | 48.1 | 26.6 | 12.0 | 34.6 | 63.4 | 58.4 | 65.1 |
| High (≥0.90 M, ≥0.85 F) (%) | 51.9 | 73.4 | 88.0 | 65.4 | 36.6 | 41.6 | 34.9 | |
| Vegetable/Fruit Consumption | 2–3Serving/day (%)d | 79.2 | 70.6 | 68.6 | 71.6 | 80.5 | 84.8 | 79.1 |
| 4–5Serving/day (%)d | 4.3 | 22.9 | 14.3 | 27.0 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.1 | |
| Level of Physical Activityd | Low (<=150 min/week) (%) | 68.1 | 97.5 | 97.8 | 97.3 | 47.0 | 36.0 | 50.6 |
| High (>150 min/week) (%) | 31.9 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 53.0 | 64.0 | 49.4 | |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | Fasting Mean (SD)c | 5.1 (1.3) | 5.4 (1.7) | 5.3 (1.3) | 5.6 (1.9) | 4.8 (0.9) | 4.7 (1.0) | 4.9 (0.9) |
| 2 hr after glucose Mean (SD) c,a | 7.2 (2.7) | 7.9 (3.4) | 7.5 (3.2) | 8.1 (3.5) | 6.7 (2.0) | 6.2 (2.0) | 6.8 (2.0) | |
| Metabolic Statusc | ||||||||
| Diabetes (%) | 6.6 | 12.2 | 13.1 | 11.6 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.7 | |
| Prediabetes (%) | 16.6 | 21.2 | 19.1 | 22.4 | 13.2 | 9.0 | 14.6 | |
| Normal (%) | 76.8 | 66.6 | 67.8 | 66.0 | 84.1 | 88.8 | 82.6 | |
aSignificant difference between male and female at <0.05 level
bBangladesh Taka 76.00 = USD 1.00
cSignificant difference between rural and urban residence at <0.05 level
dSignificant association with area of residence (rural and urban) at <0.05 level
eSignificant association with sex of the respondents at <0.05 level