Table 3.
Effect of PA intervention on HRQoL FACT-B and blood biomarker variables
| Within-group change at follow−up | Adjusted between-group change at follow−up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline mean (SD) | Follow-up mean (SD) | Mean change (95 % CI) | Mean change (95 % CI) | ES | p-value | |
| FACT-B | ||||||
| Intervention | 108.56 (21.97) | 114.41 (21.48) | 5.91 (1.88 to 9.93) | 5.05 (.69 to 9.40) | .25 | .024 |
| Usual care | 114.25 (18.97) | 115.34 (17.57) | .56 (−3.43 to 4.56) | Reference | ||
| FACT-G | ||||||
| Intervention | 85.75 (17.35) | 88.03 (18.53) | 2.62 (−2.72 to 7.96) | 2.17 (−1.43 to 5.78) | .14 | .234 |
| Usual care | 89.30 (13.23) | 89.59 (16.84) | −.09 (−5.65 to 5.46) | Reference | ||
| TOI | ||||||
| Intervention | 65.29 (15.09) | 72.59 (15.13) | 7.20 (4.47 to 9.93) | 5.64 (2.33 to 8.95) | .39 | .001 |
| Usual care | 71.13 (13.07) | 73.25 (16.52) | 2.13 (−1.89 to 6.14) | Reference | ||
| PWB | ||||||
| Intervention | 22.03 (5.25) | 25.54 (9.32) | 3.43 (.58 to 6.29) | .63 (−.87 to 2.13) | .13 | .404 |
| Usual care | 23.03 (4.39) | 25.84 (9.18) | 2.84 (−.15 to 5.84) | Reference | ||
| SWB | ||||||
| Intervention | 24.35 (4.44) | 23.70 (5.03) | −.54 (−1.40 to .32) | −.73 (−2.03 to .59) | .17 | .276 |
| Usual care | 23.40 (4.19) | 24.13 (4.13) | .19 (−1.00 to 1.37) | Reference | ||
| EWB | ||||||
| Intervention | 18.93 (4.61) | 20.11 (4.14) | 1.24 (.46 to 2.03) | .20 (−.85 to 1.26) | .05 | .701 |
| Usual care | 19.73 (3.74) | 20.72 (3.30) | 1.00 (.20 to 1.80) | Reference | ||
| FWB | ||||||
| Intervention | 20.45 (6.10) | 21.95 (4.41) | 1.76 (.21 to 3.30) | 1.90 (.24 to 3.55) | .36 | .025 |
| Usual care | 23.15 (3.94) | 22.88 (4.70) | −.16 (−1.25 to .94) | Reference | ||
| BCS | ||||||
| Intervention | 22.81 (6.67) | 25.24 (7.13) | 2.15 (.98 to 3.32) | 2.84 (.79 to 4.89) | .42 | .007 |
| Usual care | 24.95 (6.79) | 24.34 (6.21) | −75 (−2.81 to 1.31) | Reference | ||
| TC (mmol∙L−1) | ||||||
| Intervention | 5.75 (1.30) | 5.4 (1.09) | −.23 (−.49 to .04) | −.45 (−.71 to −.18) | −.38 | .001 |
| Usual care | 5.79 (1.04) | 5.93 (.91) | .22 (.05 to .38) | Reference | ||
| HDL (mmol∙L−1) | ||||||
| Intervention | 1.65 (.30) | 1.62 (.33) | −.02 (−.12 to 0.79) | −.06 (−.15 to .04) | −.19 | .264 |
| Usual care | 1.59 (.34) | 1.60 (.30) | .04 (−.03 to .10) | Reference | ||
| LDL (mmol∙L−1) | ||||||
| Intervention | 3.44 (1.15) | 3.18 (1.01) | −.19 (−.42 to .04) | −.30 (−.56 to −.04) | −.30 | .023 |
| Usual care | 3.56 (.84) | 3.64 (.84) | .11 (−.11 to .32) | Reference | ||
| TC/HDL-C ratio (mmol∙L−1) | ||||||
| Intervention | 3.61 (1.12) | 3.47 (.93) | −.09 (−.36 to .09) | −.13 (−.40 to .14) | −.12 | .337 |
| Usual care | 3.79 (1.00) | 3.83 (.90) | .04 (−.19 to .26) | Reference | ||
| Trig (mmol∙L−1) | ||||||
| Intervention | 1.43 (.75) | 1.31 (.58) | −.08 (−.21 to .05) | −.10 (−.27 to .07) | −.13 | .240 |
| Usual care | 1.52 (.85) | 1.52 (.73) | .02 (−.14 to .18) | Reference | ||
| Glucose (mmol∙L−1) | ||||||
| Intervention | 4.94 (.85) | 4.81 (.52) | −.14 (−.36 to .09) | −.07 (−.38 to .25) | −.05 | .683 |
| Usual care | 5.27 (1.96) | 5.32 (2.20) | −.08 (−.40 to .25) | Reference | ||
| Insulin (pmol∙L−1) | ||||||
| Intervention | 38.37 (34.61) | 37.40 (28.64) | −1.03 (15.37 to 13.31) | 8.31 (−12.31 to 28.95) | .20 | .425 |
| Usual care | 45.45 (48.69) | 37.34 (40.60) | −9.84 (−29.76 to 10.08) | Reference | ||
| HOMA | ||||||
| Intervention | 1.60 (1.18) | 1.78 (.88) | .07 (−.62 to .76) | .42 (−.88 to 1.73) | .27 | .520 |
| Usual care | 2.18 (1.83) | 1.90 (2.09) | −.41 (−2.09 to 1.26) | Reference | ||
Key: FACT-G = PWB + SWB + EWB + FWB; FACT-B = FACT-G + BCS; TOI = PWB + FWB + BCS
Baseline means (SD) are based on 80 participants except for HOMA (N = 52; intervention = 27; control = 25); Post-interventions and with-group change at follow-up means (SD) are based on 70 participants (intervention = 37; control = 33), except HOMA (N = 38; Intervention = 20; control = 18)
Except for the blood measures (Higher scores represent better quality of life), positive ES indicate effects in favour of the exercise intervention group
Between-group effects were assessed using linear mixed model analysis including the measurements obtained at baseline and post-intervention, adjusted for the value of the outcome variable at baseline