Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with and without diabetic retinopathy
| Items | Without DR | With DR | Statistic values | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 334 | 78 | – | – |
| Male, n (%) | 198 (59) | 35 (45) | 5.344* | 0.023§ |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 55 ± 14 | 60 ± 11 | −3.479† | 0.001§ |
| Waist (cm), mean ± SD | 96 ± 11 | 95 ± 12 | 0.731† | 0.465 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (range) | 26.0 (17.7–43.2) | 25.2 (17.9–38.9) | −1.349‡ | 0.177 |
| Duration (years), median (range) | 9 (0–42) | 16 (2–37) | −6.691‡ | <0.001§ |
| Prevalence of hypertension, n (%) | 183 (54.8) | 52 (66.7) | 3.640* | 0.058 |
| HbA1c (%), median (range) | 8.5 (5.6–14.7) | 9.1 (5.8–13.9) | −2.822‡ | 0.005§ |
| C-P (ng/ml), median (range) | 1.97 (0.22–17.78) | 1.40 (0.06–4.65) | −3.731‡ | <0.001§ |
| 2-h C-P (ng/ml), median (range) | 4.74 (0.26–19.98) | 2.83 (0.11–11.86) | −5.149‡ | <0.001§ |
| TC (mmol/L), median (range) | 4.4 (2.0–12.0) | 4.7 (2.2–10.0) | −1.413‡ | 0.158 |
| TG (mmol/L), median (range) | 1.6 (0.5–18.3) | 1.6 (0.5–10.6) | −1.100‡ | 0.271 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L), median (range) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 1.0 (0.4–1.7) | −1.284‡ | 0.199 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | −2.007† | 0.045§ |
| eGFR (ml·min-1·1.73 m-2), mean ± SD | 117 ± 34 | 103 ± 33 | 3.337† | 0.001§ |
| Zn (μmol/L), median (range) | 13.69 (8.68–27.90) | 12.80 (7.63–21.40) | −3.947‡ | <0.001§ |
*χ2 values; †t values, ‡Z values, §Statistical significance. DR: Diabetic retinopathy; SD: Standard deviation; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; C-P: C-peptide; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.