Table 4.
Clinicopathologic factors stratified by radiological tumor size
| Items | ≤2.5 cm (n = 39) | >2.5 cm (n = 53) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Male | 15 (38.5) | 28 (52.8) | 0.172 |
| Female | 24 (61.5) | 25 (47.2) | |
| Age (years), median ± SD | 50.87 ± 11.38 | 52.68 ± 13.34 | 0.497 |
| Tumor location, n (%) | |||
| Head | 19 (48.7) | 31 (58.5) | 0.352 |
| Body/tail | 20 (51.3) | 22 (41.5) | |
| Symptoms, n (%) | |||
| No | 21 (53.8) | 23 (43.4) | 0.321 |
| Yes | 18 (46.2) | 30 (56.6) | |
| Surgery, n (%)* | |||
| Standard | 32 (82.1) | 49 (92.5) | 0.193 |
| Atypical | 7 (17.9) | 4 (7.5) | |
| Surgical approach, n (%) | |||
| Open | 19 (48.7) | 45 (84.9) | 0.000193 |
| Minimal invasive† | 20 (51.3) | 8 (15.1) | |
| Morbidity, n (%) | |||
| No | 16 (41.0) | 28 (52.8) | 0.296 |
| Yes | 23 (59.0) | 25 (47.1) | |
| Grade, n (%)‡ | |||
| Grade 1 | 31 (79.5) | 22 (41.5) | 0.001 |
| Grade 2 | 7 (19.9) | 17 (32.1) | |
| Grade 3 | 1 (2.6) | 14 (26.4) | |
| Primary tumor, n (%)§ | |||
| T1 | 29 (61.7) | 0 | 0.000000 |
| T2 | 17 (36.2) | 18 (34) | |
| T3 | 1 (2.1) | 30 (56.6) | |
| T4 | 0 | 5 (9.4) | |
| LN status, n (%) | |||
| Negative | 36 (92.3) | 36 (67.9) | 0.005 |
| Positive | 3 (7.7) | 17 (32.1) | |
| Angioinvasion, n (%) | |||
| No | 39 (100) | 38 (71.7) | 0.000282 |
| Yes | 0 | 15 (28.3) | |
| Perineural invasion, n (%) | |||
| No | 38 (97.4) | 47 (88.7) | 0.232 |
| Yes | 1 (2.6) | 6 (11.3) |
*Standard resections include pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pancreatectomy. Atypical resections include middle pancreatectomy and enucleation; †Laparoscopic and robotic surgery; ‡WHO 2010 classification;[22] §ENETS recommended TNM staging system.[10] SD: Standard deviation; LN: Lymph node; WHO: World Health Organization; ENETS: European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.