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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer J. 2013 Nov-Dec;19(6):502–510. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000003

Figure 4. PGE2 provides coordinated regulation of tumor immunosuppression.

Figure 4

Pro-inflammatory PGE2 produced by tumor epithelial cells and/or their surrounding stromal cells induces immunosuppression through 1) suppressing NK cell function; 2) inducing MDSC differentiation and production of arginase I; 3) recruiting BMMCs and stimulating pro-angiogenic factors; 4) downregulation of antitumor Th1 cytokines and upregulation of immunosuppressive Th2 cytokines; 5) inhibiting CD8+ T cell proliferation and activity, and 6) inhibition of CD8+ T cell anti-tumor functions through Tregs.