. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 18.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Bull. 2009 Jul;135(4):555–588. doi: 10.1037/a0015701

Table 3.

Moderator Analyses for All Included Studies

Moderator and level	d.	k	Fixed-effect Q_B	Fixed-adjusted effect Q_B	Random-effect Q_B	Random-adjusted effect Q_B
Challenge or support			14.72^***	10.44^**	3.32	3.15
Challenge	0.27_a	24
No challenge or support	0.38_a	257
Support	0.16_b	19
Quality of available congenial information			43.82^***	38.32^***	10.41^**	7.14^*
High	0.41_a	173
Moderate	0.37_a	100
Low	0.00_b	23
Quality of available uncongenial information			26.23^***	----	7.64^*	----
High	0.40_a	173
Moderate	0.37_a	100
Low	0.01_b	23
Commitment to the attitude, belief, or behavior			19.99^***	25.06^***	6.66^*	6.87^*
High	0.42_a	117
Moderate	0.35_b	170
Low	0.13_c	13
Reversibility of the attitude, belief or behavior			0.06	1.62	4.35^*	0.75
Reversible	0.37_a	114
Irreversible	0.36_a	186
Value relevance			84.15^***	67.63^***	11.87^***	10.19^**
High	0.51_a	120
Low	0.24_b	180
Closed-mindedness			17.85^***	17.94^***	4.05	3.48
High	6	0.69_a
Moderate	288	0.36_b
Low	6	0.11_c
Confidence in attitude, belief, or behavior			11.40^**	14.40^***	4.73^#	4.54
High	0.23_a	36
Moderate	0.37_b	224
Low	0.45 _b	40
Outcome relevance			1.65	1.19	4.52^*	0.94
High	0.39_a	102
Low	0.35_a	198
Utility of congenial information			31.59^***	0.47	12.19^**	0.84
High	0.36_a	123
No goal	0.39_a	168
Low	−0.16_c	9
Utility of uncongenial information			8.87^**	----	1.26	----
High	0.31_a	121
No goal	0.39_b	168
Low	0.51_b	11
Relative utility			100.83^***	66.92^***	26.74^***	17.05^***
Congenial more useful	0.54_a	17
Both equally useful	0.38_b	272
Uncongenial more useful	−0.39_c	11

Note; d. = weighted mean effect size; k = number of cases. Q_B = Homogeneity statistic distributed as a χ² with degrees of freedom equal to the number of moderator levels minus one. Effect sizes (d.) were estimated using a fixed- and random-effects model. For d., positive numbers indicate approach to congenial information, whereas negative numbers indicated approach to uncongenial information. The fixed and random-effect Q_B reflect the between group effect of the moderator when entered independently into the respective model. To determine the significance of simple effects, a one-tailed criterion was used when a directional hypothesis was assessed; otherwise, a two-tailed criterion was used, d.s within columns not sharing subscripts are significantly different from each other at p < .05 when entered independently into the fixed-effect model. The fixed- and random-adjusted effect Q_B was estimated using the respective model with all (non-redundant) moderators in this table entered simultaneously into a regression equation.

p < .10

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001