Representative experiment (A) and group data (B) showing that bilateral PVN nanoninjection of NPY1x (at arrows) failed to increase LSNA, HR and MAP 90 min after icv leptin injection (n=6). As a result, the baseline values of LSNA, HR, and MAP (B) were not different from those obtained after PVN nanoinjection of aCSF (Figure 1A). In contrast, 90 min after aCSF injection, PVN NPY1x (n=6) increased LSNA, HR, and MAP both compared to control (CON) values (C) and values immediately prior to the injection (D).