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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2016 Feb 3;51:92–105. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.001

Table 1.

Anthropogenic toxicants found to disrupt gut development in Xenopus laevis.

Chemical Class Chemicals tested Uses References
Azoles Triadimefon, n-butyl
isocaynate, carbendazim		 Fungicide [129, 130]
Bipyridyliums Paraquat Herbicide [131, 132]
Carbamates Carbaryl Insecticide [133]
Carboxylic Acids Valproic acid, pentanoic acid,
butyric acid, 2-ethylhexanoic
acid		 Various:
Plasticizer,
lubricant		 [134]
Chlorophenoxy Acids 2,4-D Herbicide [129]
Estrogen 17β - estradiol Drug [135]
Nanoparticles CuO, ZnO, polystyrene Various:
semiconductors;
drugs, skin care		 [136–138]
Nitroaromatic
compounds		 TNT, 2ADNT, 4ADNT Explosive [139]
Organochlorines Chlorothalonil, DDT, DDD Insecticide [139, 140]
Organophosphates Malathion, Malaoxon,
Parathion, Paraoxon,
Dicrotophos, Monocrotophos,
Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon		 Insecticide [141–144]
Phenols Bisphenol A, nonylphenol Various:
Plastics, resins,
adjuvant		 [135]
Phosphonoglycines Glyphosate Herbicide [129]
Triazines Atrazine Herbicide [129, 145, 146]
Polymer Mixtures Tire Debris Organic Extract Tire product [147]
Chemical Mixtures Corexit 9500 Dispersant [148]