Table 1.
General characteristics of participants
| Variables | Women (n = 298) | Men (n = 338) | p-value | Total (n = 636) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (years) | 57.6 ± 11.5 | 55.6 ± 9.7 | 0.190 | 56.5 ± 10.6 |
| Smoking | 13 (4.4) | 53 (15.9) | <0.001 | 66 (10.4) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 6.6 | 28.2 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | 29.3 ± 14.7 |
| Overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) | 228 (76.5) | 237 (70.1) | 0.042 | 465 (73.3) |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 124 (44.6) | 100 (32.1) | 0.009 | 224 (38.4) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.3 ± 12.4 | 98.7 ± 12.9 | 0.167 | 98.0 ± 12.7 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 108.4 ± 13.3 | 102.8 ± 10.7 | <0.001 | 105.4 ± 12.3 |
| Abdominal obesitya | 252 (84.6) | 198 (58.6) | <0.001 | 450 (70.8) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.2 ± 21.1 | 137.7 ± 22.4 | 0.339 | 137.0 ± 21.8 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.4 ± 12 | 82.1 ± 12.6 | 0.764 | 82.3 ± 12.3 |
| Hypertension | 188 (63.3) | 206 (61.0) | 0.542 | 394 (62.2) |
| Any BP-lowering medication | 168 (56.4) | 184 (54.4) | 0.576 | 352 (55.3) |
| ACEI/ARB | 145 (48.7) | 163 (48.2) | 0.575 | 308 (48.4) |
| Diuretics | 104 (34.9) | 114 (33.7) | 0.654 | 218 (34.3) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 72 (24.2) | 68 (20.1) | 0.129 | 140 (22.0) |
| Beta blockers | 7 (2.3) | 6 (1.8) | 0.410 | 13 (2.0) |
| Use of metformin | 244 (81.9) | 268 (79.3) | 0.696 | 512 (80.5) |
| Use of sulfonylureas | 172 (57.7) | 192 (56.8) | 0.585 | 364 (57.2) |
| Use of Acarbose | 6 (2.0) | 8 (2.4) | 0.335 | 14 (2.2) |
| Use of Insulin | 31 (10.4) | 37 (10.9) | 0.383 | 68 (10.7) |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.5 ± 2.6 | 8.1 ± 2.5 | 0.046 | 8.6 ± 2.5 |
| Fasting capillary glucose (mg/dl) | 150 ± 60 | 140 ± 60 | 0.646 | 150 ± 60 |
| Any diabetic retinopathy | 52 (22.4) | 83 (30.4) | 0.080 | 135 (26.7) |
| Any diabetic nephropathy | 83 (31.6) | 128 (40.9) | 0.020 | 211 (36.6) |
| Any diabetic neuropathy | 141 (51.1) | 165 (52.4) | 0.821 | 306 (51.7) |
| Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.93 ± 0.36 | 1.22 ± 0.58 | <0.001 | 1.08 ± 0.47 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 86.2 ± 30.4 | 86.2 ± 32.0 | ≥0.999 | 86.2 ± 31.7 |
Data are presented as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation;
Abbreviations: ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin
aAbdominal obesity: waist circumference >80 cm in females or >94 cm in males