Table 3. Baseline Sociodemographic, Behavioral, and T2DM Risk Factor Characteristics by Tertiles of Baseline Neighborhood Summary Measuresa.
| Tertiles |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summary of Healthy Food Environment |
Summary of PA Environment |
Summary of Social Environment |
||||||||
| Characteristic | All Participants (N = 5124) |
Low (n = 1704) |
Middle (n = 1739) |
High (n = 1681) |
Low (n = 1785) |
Middle (n = 1705) |
High (n = 1634) |
Low (n = 1793) |
Middle (n = 1680) |
High (n = 1651) |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.7 (9.9) | 60.7 (10.0) | 61.9 (10.2) | 61.8 (10.3) | 61.0 (10.0) | 61.3 (10.3) | 62.3 (10.2) | 60.9 (10.3) | 61.9 (10.4) | 61.7 (9.8) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Female sex, No. (%) | 2747 (53.6) | 913 (53.6) | 899 (51.7) | 935 (55.6) | 931 (52.2) | 957 (56.1) | 859 (52.6) | 991 (55.3) | 904 (53.8) | 852 (51.6) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| White | 2168 (42.3) | 877 (51.5) | 636 (36.6) | 655 (39.0) | 537 (30.1) | 740 (43.4) | 891 (54.5) | 381 (21.2) | 734 (43.7) | 1053 (63.8) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Black | 1311 (25.6) | 549 (32.2) | 386 (22.2) | 376 (22.4) | 615 (34.5) | 326 (19.1) | 370 (22.6) | 689 (38.4) | 297 (17.7) | 325 (19.7) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Hispanic | 1041 (20.3) | 233 (13.7) | 316 (18.2) | 492 (29.3) | 398 (22.3) | 393 (23.0) | 250 (15.3) | 583 (32.5) | 321 (19.1) | 137 (8.3) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Chinese American | 604 (11.8) | 45 (2.6) | 401 (23.1) | 158 (9.4) | 235 (13.2) | 346 (20.3) | 123 (7.5) | 140 (7.8) | 328 (19.5) | 136 (8.2) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Household per capita income per $10 000, mean(SD) |
51.8 (34.4) | 51.6 (32.2) | 49.3 (34.0) | 54.7 (36.7) | 43.5 (30.2) | 48.2 (32.4) | 64.4 (37.0) | 39.6 (29.1) | 49.5 (32.9) | 67.4 (35.2) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Educational level, mean (SD), y | 13.4 (3.8) | 13.6 (3.4) | 13.2 (3.9) | 13.5 (4.2) | 12.6 (4.0) | 13.2 (3.8) | 14.6 (3.4) | 12.2 (4.2) | 13.5 (3.8) | 14.7 (2.9) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Risk factors for T2DM | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Smoking status, No. (%) | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Former | 1892 (36.9) | 673 (39.5) | 600 (34.5) | 619 (36.8) | 636 (35.6) | 582 (34.1) | 674 (41.2) | 619 (34.5) | 608 (36.2) | 665 (40.3) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Current | 650 (12.7) | 247 (14.5) | 201 (11.6) | 202 (12.0) | 262 (14.7) | 212 (12.4) | 176 (10.8) | 300 (16.7) | 192 (11.4) | 158 (9.6) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Alcohol use, No. (%)b | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Moderate | 1582 (30.9) | 499 (29.3) | 536 (30.8) | 547 (32.5) | 434 (24.3) | 505 (29.6) | 643 (39.4) | 440 (24.5) | 538 (32.0) | 604 (36.6) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Heavy | 419 (8.2) | 127 (7.5) | 120 (6.9) | 172 (10.2) | 97 (5.4) | 124 (7.3) | 198 (12.1) | 116 (6.5) | 152 (9.0) | 151 (9.1) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010, mean(SD)c |
52.1 (11.7) | 50.0 (11.8) | 52.5 (11.2) | 53.8 (11.9) | 51.0 (11.5) | 51.5 (11.7) | 53.7 (12.0) | 50.6 (11.6) | 52.5 (11.6) | 53.1 (12.0) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Intentional PA fertile, %b | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Low | 1821 (35.5) | 642 (37.7) | 644 (37.0) | 535 (31.8) | 775 (43.4) | 598 (35.1) | 448 (27.4) | 727 (40.5) | 611 (36.4) | 483 (29.3) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Middle | 1599 (31.2) | 526 (30.9) | 563 (32.4) | 510 (30.3) | 537 (30.1) | 542 (31.8) | 520 (31.8) | 511 (28.5) | 562 (33.5) | 526 (31.9) |
|
| ||||||||||
| High | 1704 (33.3) | 536 (31.5) | 532 (30.6) | 636 (37.8) | 473 (26.5) | 565 (33.1) | 666 (40.8) | 555 (31.0) | 507 (30.2) | 642 (38.9) |
|
| ||||||||||
| BMI, No. (%) | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| 25.0-29.9 (overweight) |
2044 (39.9) | 686 (40.3) | 706 (40.6) | 652 (38.8) | 716 (40.1) | 674 (39.5) | 654 (40.0) | 703 (39.2) | 655 (39.0) | 686 (41.6) |
|
| ||||||||||
| ≥30.0 (obese) |
1512 (29.5) | 612 (35.9) | 458 (26.3) | 442 (26.3) | 584 (32.7) | 516 (30.3) | 412 (25.2) | 623 (34.7) | 472 (28.1) | 417 (25.3) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Family history of T2DM, No. (%) | 1791 (35.0) | 665 (39.0) | 615 (35.4) | 511 (30.4) | 685 (38.4) | 582 (34.1) | 524 (32.1) | 640 (35.7) | 595 (35.4) | 556 (33.7) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Neighborhood | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Socioeconomic index, mean (SD)b | 0.5 (1.3) | −0.0 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.9) | 1.3 (1.6) | −0.2 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.9) | 1.6 (1.4) | −0.4 (0.9) | 0.4 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.4) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters); PA, physical activity; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
a
Data are from the Neighborhood Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 2000 to 2012.25
b
Described in Table 2.
c
Described in Table 2. Data were missing for 595 participants.