Table 3.
Development and coverage of IPCSs across WHO European region (2005–2012).
| Country | Total number of IPCS services detecteda between 2005 and 2013 |
Rate of IPCS services per 100,000 inhabitants (2005–2013) (population changes considered) |
2012 Coverage for IPCSb (recommended ratio 0.5 services per 100,000 inhabitants) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2012 | Difference | p Valuec | 2005 Rate | 2012 Rate | Difference | IPCS detected/IPCS needed | % | |
| Western Europe | |||||||||
| Andorra | ND | 0 | ND | n.s. | ND | 0.00 | ND | 0/0 | 0 |
| Austria | 25 | 37 | 12 | n.s. | 0.31 | 0.44 | 0.13 | 37/42 | 88 |
| Belgium | 29 | 51 | 22 | n.s. | 0.28 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 51/54 | 94 |
| Cyprus | 1 | 1 | 0 | n.s. | 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 1/6 | 17 |
| Denmark | 7 | 28 | 21 | ** | 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.37 | 28/28 | 100 |
| Finland | 6 | 10 | 4 | n.s. | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 10/27 | 37 |
| France | 78 | 107 | 29 | n.s. | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 107/317 | 34 |
| Germany | 245 | 420 | 175 | ** | 0.30 | 0.51 | 0.22 | 420/410 | 102 |
| Greece | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1/57 | 2 |
| Iceland | 2 | 2 | 0 | n.s. | 0.68 | 0.61 | −0.07 | 2/2 | 100 |
| Ireland | 8 | 9 | 1 | n.s. | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 9/23 | 39 |
| Israel | 9 | 10 | 1 | n.s. | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 10/38 | 26S |
| Italy | 95 | 175 | 80 | * | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 175/305 | 57 |
| Luxembourg | 1 | 5 | 4 | n.s. | 0.22 | 0.76 | 0.54 | 4/3 | 133 |
| Malta | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 1/2 | 50 |
| The Netherlands | 88 | 212 | 124 | *** | 0.54 | 1.27 | 0.73 | 212/84 | 253 |
| Norway | 14 | 17 | 3 | n.s. | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 17/25 | 68 |
| Portugal | 4 | 22 | 18 | ** | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 22/53 | 41 |
| Spain | 96 | 112 | 16 | n.s. | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 112/234 | 48 |
| Sweden | 45 | 38 | −7 | * | 0.50 | 0.40 | −0.10 | 38/47 | 81 |
| Switzerland | 17 | 25 | 8 | n.s. | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.10 | 25/39 | 64 |
| Turkey | 11 | 25 | 14 | n.s. | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 25/373 | 7 |
| United Kingdom | 221 | 220 | −1 | n.s. | 0.37 | 0.35 | −0.02 | 220/314 | 70 |
| Central and Eastern Europe | |||||||||
| Albania | 1 | 0 | −1 | n.s. | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0/16 | 0 |
| Armenia | 6 | 0 | −6 | ** | 0.20 | 0.00 | −0.20 | 0/16 | 0 |
| Azerbaijan | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0/47 | 0 |
| Belarus | 0 | 15 | 15 | *** | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 15/48 | 31 |
| Bulgaria | 16 | 22 | 6 | n.s. | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 22/37 | 59 |
| Croatia | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0/22 | 0 |
| Czech Republic | 10 | 17 | 7 | n.s. | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 17/53 | 32 |
| Estonia | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0/7 | 0 |
| Georgia | 1 | 2 | 1 | n.s. | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2/22 | 9 |
| Hungary | 11 | 13 | 2 | n.s. | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 13/50 | 26 |
| Kazakhstan | 5 | 5 | 0 | n.s. | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 5/85 | 6 |
| Latvia | 5 | 6 | 1 | n.s. | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 6/11 | 54 |
| Lithuania | 6 | 9 | 3 | n.s. | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 9/16 | 56 |
| Macedonia | 2 | 12 | 10 | * | 0.10 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 12/10 | 120 |
| Moldova | 0 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2/18 | 11 |
| Montenegro | ND | 0 | ND | n.s. | ND | 0.00 | ND | 0/3 | 0 |
| Poland | 128 | 145 | 17 | * | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 145/192 | 76 |
| Romania | 9 | 25 | 16 | n.s. | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 25/107 | 23 |
| Russia | 107 | 62 | −45 | *** | 0.07 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 62/714 | 9 |
| Serbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0/49 | 0 |
| Slovakia | 6 | 11 | 5 | n.s. | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 11/27 | 41 |
| Slovenia | 4 | 6 | 2 | n.s. | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 6/10 | 60 |
| Ukraine | 14 | 0 | −14 | *** | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0/225 | 0 |
| Europe | 1333 | 1879 | 546 | – | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 1879/4263 | 44 |
| Western Europe | 1002 | 1527 | 525 | – | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 1527/2482 | 62 |
| Central and Eastern Europe | 331 | 352 | 21 | – | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 352/1780 | 20 |
IPCS: inpatient palliative care service; WHO: World Health Organization; ND: not determined; n.s.: not significant.
In total, 17 of 46 (37%) countries report the existence of ‘mixed teams’ (providing PC both in hospital and at home) for 2012. This category was not considered in the 2005 survey. For the comparison between years, the total number of mixed teams for these 17 countries in 2012 was divided by two: one-half of the total was added to HCTs and the other half was added to inpatient services. See details of these countries in the text.
Services needed estimate following the proportion suggested by the EAPC White Paper: 5 IPCSs (8–12 beds) or hospice (8 beds) per million inhabitants (2012 country population data used).
Adjusted residual standardised analysis: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.