Figure 1.

Modifiable cardiac risk factors with their estimated cancer risk. Figure limited to only the positive and/or negative associations using the most recently published meta-analysis or prospective cohort study investigating the associations between a cardiac risk factor and various cancer sites; hyperlipidemia was excluded from the figure due to inconclusive evidence that it is associated with cancer risk. All cancer estimates were reported as a relative risk except where noted below.

† Risk for BMI >30 kg/m²

‡ Note, there were several additional positive (bladder, esophageal, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular carcinoma, kidney, leukemia, multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer) and negative (lung, prostate) associations by fixed effects models, but the authors did not deem these to be positive associations since their 95% prediction intervals included the null value.

§ Prospective observational cohort; Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios of cancer per 10 mmHg increments of midblood pressure.

¶ Only cancer sites with sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity related to tobacco exposure in humans were considered in the meta-analysis.