Table 3.
Phenotypic characteristics across latent classes
| Class 1 (n=3484) | Class 2 (n=2342) | Class 3 (n= 730) | χ2 and p values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPDS total | 3·27 (2·2) | 12·33 (3·5) | 20·32 (2·4) | .. |
| EPDS anxiety subscale | 2·08 (1·6) | 4·63 (1·6) | 5·88 (1·6) | .. |
| PPD onset* | ||||
| Pregnancy | 218/2016 (11%) | 233/680 (34%) | 222/331 (67%) | |
| Postpartum | 1798/2016 (89%) | 447/680 (66%) | 109/331 (33%) | 532·6; p<0·0001 |
| Obstetric complications† | ||||
| No | 1925/2501 (77%) | 702/952 (74%) | 293/514 (57%) | |
| Yes | 576/2501 (23%) | 250/952 (26%) | 221/514 (43%) | 80·9; p<0·0001 |
| Pregnancy complications‡ | ||||
| No | 853/2240 (38%) | 293/743 (39%) | 333/463 (72%) | |
| Yes | 1387/2240 (62%) | 450/743 (61%) | 130/463 (28%) | 184·7; p<0·0001 |
| Mood disorder history§ | ||||
| No | 89/169 (53%) | 155/359 (43%) | 75/454 (17%) | |
| Yes | 80/169 (47%) | 204/359 (57%) | 379/454 (83%) | 106·5; p<0·0001 |
| Anxiety disorder history¶ | ||||
| No | 139/164 (85%) | 159/292 (54%) | 169/435 (39%) | |
| Yes | 25/164 (15%) | 133/292 (46%) | 266/435 (61%) | 109·3; p<0·0001 |
Data are number (%) or mean (SD). EPDS=Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. DSM-IV=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition.
Categories were first trimester, second trimester, third trimester, postpartum 0–4 weeks, postpartum 4–8 weeks, postpartum >8 weeks, and not assessed.
Included endorsement of any of the five items for fetal stress, postpartum haemorrhage, premature rupture of membranes, delivery type, or low birthweight.
Included endorsement of any of the five items for gestational hypertension, maternal obesity, pre-eclampsia, gestation diabetes, and high-risk pregnancy status.
Included endorsement at any time of any of the following DSM-IV lifetime diagnoses: postpartum depression, major depressive disorder, depression disorder not otherwise specified, and dysthymia.
Included endorsement at any time of any one or more of the following DSM-IV lifetime diagnoses: generalised anxiety disorder, panic, agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, anxiety not otherwise specified, and obsessive compulsive.