Study design and transplant cohorts. Records from all LTs performed at the University of California San Francisco between 1/1/1998 and 12/31/2007 were retrospectively evaluated and classified based on the presence or absence of pre-transplant RD. For those with pre-transplant RD, recipients were divided into RD-SLKT or RD-LTA. SLKT, simultaneous liver–kidney transplant; RD, renal dysfunction; LT, liver transplant; LTA, liver transplant alone.