Table 2.

Temporal associations between respiratory viruses and S. pneumoniae, the USA

Study	Virus	Outcome	Age group	Temporal association
Kim et al. [56]	ADV	IPD	All	Yes
	IV			Yes
	PCV			No
	PIV			No
	RSV			Yes
	All			Yes
	except
	IV
Talbot et al. [57]	IV	IPD	All	Yes
	RSV			Yes
Ampofo et al. [58]	ADV	IPD	<18 years	No
	hMPV			Yes
	IV			Yes
	PIV			No
	RSV			Yes
Murdoch and Jennings [59]	IV	IPD	All	Yes
	PIV1			No
	PIV2			No
	PIV3			Yes
	RSV			Yes, only in < 5 years
Nelson et al. [60]	IV	IPD	All	Yes
Walter et al. [61]	IV	Pneumonia	All	Yes
Zhou et al. [62]	IV	Pneumonia	All	Varies by season
	RSV			Varies by season
Weinberger et al. 2012 [63]	2009 H1N1 season	Pneumonia	All	Yes
Shrestha et al. [64]	Influenza seasons	Pneumonia	All	Yes
Fleming-Dutra et al. [65]	2009 H1N1 season	Pneumonia	All	Yes
Weinberger et al. 2014 [66]	RSV	Pneumonia	<7 years	Yes
Weinberger et al. 2015 [67]	RSV	Pneumonia	<1 years	Yes
			1 to < 2 years	Yes
	IV		<1 years	No
			1 to < 2 years	Yes

Abbreviations: ADV (adenovirus), hMPV (human metapneumovirus), IV (influenza virus) and PCV (picornavirus)