Errors in the 1D free energies for three dihedrals in kilojoules calculated with respect to respective reference free energies (52, 61, 62) using the error metric from ref. 56. Thin and thick lines denote values using the trial and optimized CVs, respectively. A, B, and C denote error in the free energies for the dihedrals Φ1, Φ2, and Φ3, respectively.