Table 1.
All studies entered into the meta analysis are listed, including number of subjects, gender ratio, stimulus material and contrast.
| Authors | Number of subjects |
Gender ratio (f/m) |
Stimulus material | Contrasts | Mean age (SD) |
Analysis software |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campbell-Sills et al. (2011) | 26 | 22/4 | IAPS, negative | Reduce > baseline | 19.15 (1.83) | AFNI |
| Delgado et al. (2008) | 12 | 6/6 | Fear conditioning paradigm with instruction |
Decrease > attend | 23.29 (3.31) | BrainVoyager |
| Domes et al. (2010) | 33 | 17/16 | IAPS, negative | Decrease > maintain | m: 25.2 (1.9) | SPM5 |
| Increase > maintain | f: 24.6 (1.6) | |||||
| Eippert et al. (2007) | 24 | 24/0 | IAPS, neutral and negative (fear) |
Decrease > view Increase > view |
23.3 (range 18–28) |
SPM2 |
| Goldin et al. (2008) | 17 | 17/0 | Disgust-inducing and neutral film clips |
Reappraise > watch negative (early, middle, late) Suppress > watch negative (early, middle, late) |
22.7 (3.5) | AFNI |
| Harenski et Hamann (2006) | 10 | 10/0 | IAPS and popular media, moral vs non-moral, social unpleasant scenes |
Decrease moral > odd-even baseline Decrease non-moral > odd-even baseline Decrease moral > watch moral Decrease non-moral > watch non-moral |
(Range 18–29) | SPM99 |
| Hayes et al. (2010) | 25 | 11/14 | IAPS and in-house pictures, negative |
Reappraise > view Suppress > view |
21.6 (2.5) | FSL |
| Kanske et al. (2011) | 30 | 17/13 | IAPS, neg, pos, neutral, | Reappraise > view emotional (=neg and pos) Reappraise/distract > view |
21.8 (2.1) | SPM5 |
| Kim and Hamann (2007) | 10 | 10/0 | IAPS, negative and positive | Decrease positive > watch positive Decrease negative > watch negative Increase negative > watch negative Increase positive > watch positive |
20.7 (range 18–29) |
SPM99 |
| Kober et al. (2010) | 21 | 9/12 | Pictures of food and cigarettes | Down-regulation > baseline | 26.8 (8.94) | SPM5 |
| Koenigsberg et al. (2009) | 16 | 9/7 | IAPS, negative interpersonal scenes |
Distance > look | 31.8 (7.7) | SPM2 |
| Lang et al. (2012) | 15 | 15/0 | Standardized negative and neutral scripts from the Affective Norms for English Text (ANET) |
Enhance > maintain (early) Enhance > maintain (late) Distance > maintain (early) Distance > maintain (late) |
24.73 (5.64) | SPM8 |
| Mak et al. (2009) | 24 | 12/12 | IAPS and popular media, negative and positive |
Female: reduce negative > view negative Male: reduce negative > view negative Female: reduce positive > view positive male: reduce positive > view positive |
f: 24 (1.78) m: 24 (1.68) |
SPM2 |
| McRae et al. (2008) | 23 | n.a. | IAPS, negative | Decrease > look | f: 20.6 m: 20.36 (range 18–22) |
SPM2 |
| McRae et al. (2010) | 18 | 18/0 | IAPS and in-house set, negative |
Decrease > look masked by distraction > look | 24.4 (3.5) | SPM2 |
| Modinos et al. (2010) | 18 | 7/11 | IAPS, negative | Reappraisal > attend | 21.1 (2.8) | SPM5 |
| Ochsner et al. (2002) | 15 | 15/0 | IAPS, negative | Reappraise > attend/view | 21.9 (range 18–30) |
SPM99 |
| Ochsner et al. (2004) | 23 | 23/0 | IAPS, negative | Increase > look Reappraise > look |
20.6 | SPM99 |
| Phan et al. (2005) | 14 | 8/6 | IAPS, negative | Reappraise > baseline Reappraise > maintain |
27.6 (4.4) | SPM99 |
| Schulze et al. (2011) | 15 | 15/0 | IAPS and similar pictures, negative |
Decrease > maintain Increase > maintain |
24.53 (2.85) | SPM5 |
| Wager et al. (2008) | 30 | 18/12 | IAPS, negative | Reappraise > look | Median 22.3 | SPM2 |
| Walter et al. (2009) | 18 | 18/0 | IAPS, negative and neutral |
Decrease negative > no-regulation neutral Decrease > no-regulation Decrease negative > no-regulation negative Decrease neutral > no-regulation neutral |
24(3) | SPM2 |
| Winecoff et al. (2011) | 42 | n.a. | IAPS, negative and positive | Decrease positive > experience positive Decrease negative > experience negative |
Older: 69 (3.9) younger: 23.1 (4) |
FSL |