Random initialization for velocity $v_i(0)$ and position $x_i(0)$ of particles $i\in [1,2,\cdot \cdot \cdot ,S]$

Map the particle location to position of the nodes according to the distances between the positions of each particle and the nodes

for each particle $i\in [1,2,\cdot \cdot \cdot ,S]$:

Calculate fitness $f_i(0)$ of particle by Equations (1)–(4)

$P_i(0)\leftarrow f_i(0)$

end for

$G(0)\leftarrow \min \{f_1(0),f_2(0),\cdots ,f_S(0)\}$

for iterations $t\in [1,2,\cdot \cdot \cdot ,MaxIter]$:

for each particle $i\in [1,2,\cdot \cdot \cdot ,S]$:

Update $v_i(t)$ and $x_i(t)$

Map the particle location to the position of the eligible cluster head candidates

Calculate the fitness of particles

if $f_i(t)<P_i(t)$

then $P_i(t)\leftarrow f_i(t)$

if $P_i(t)<G(t)$

then $G(t)\leftarrow P_i(t)$

end for

end for