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. 2016 Mar 24;6(1):54–68. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i1.54

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©The Author(s) 2016. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

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Evolution of the therapeutic approaches for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis recurrence and related recent perspectives. The various treatments and their mechanisms are represented by the star shapes. CyA: Cyclosporine; PE: Plasma exchange; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; suPAR: Soluble form of the urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor; CYC: Cyclophosphamide; RTX: Rituximab^®; IA: Immuno-adsorption; Synpo: Synaptopodine; SMLPD-3b: Sphingomyelin-phosphodiesterase-acid-like-3b protein. Note: Steroids also regulate the podocyte activity of stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton, preserving glomerular permeselectivity, and directly reducing apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.