Fig. 1.

For each of the pharmacotherapies, hazard ratios for bladder cancer occurrence are shown with 95% confidence intervals for duration of use categorized as 1–12, 13–24 and >24 months versus no previous use. Each hazard ratio is adjusted for age, gender, year, race/ethnicity, low income, number of diabetes complications and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/tobacco use. ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker, ACE-I angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors