Figure 5.

Cell wall fortification after elicitor treatment. (A) Expression levels of dirigent-encoding genes. Expression analyses by RT-qPCR were performed in samples collected at 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after elicitor-treatment. EF1α gene was used as the reference gene. The expression levels in CF-treated plants are relative to the corresponding level of expression in water-treated plants at the indicated time points. Results are reported as means ± standard deviation (SD) of three samples for each treatment. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference between the elicitor-treated and the water-treated plants (Student's t-test, ^**P < 0.005). Incorporation of phenolic compounds by safranin-O staining in water- (B) and CF-treated protonemal tissues (C), and in elicitor-treated leaves (D–E). Methyl blue staining for detection of callose depositions in water-treated (F) and elicitor-treated protonemal tissues (G). Callose deposits are indicated with red arrows. The scale bar represents 100 μm in (B–D) and (E–G) 20 μm.