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. 2016 Mar 22;10:19. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00019

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Copyright © 2016 Dau, Friederich, Dongre, Li, Bollepalli, Hardie and Juusola.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Outline for studying time-dependent synaptic feedback effects on Drosophila photoreceptor functions. Schematic of R1–R6 photoreceptor-interneuron circuits in wild-type and mutant laminae. (A) In the wild-type, inhibitory histaminergic feedforward (-) and excitatory feedback (+) connections are dynamically balanced. (B) Reduced inhibitory feedforward synaptic transmissions in ebony and ort^P306 lead to enhanced excitatory feedback from interneurons to their photoreceptors (Zheng et al., 2006). (C) In hdc^JK910, the inhibitory feedforward pathway is completely blocked, enabling us to investigate how this affects the interneuron feedback and consequently R1–R6 output.