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. 2016 Mar 22;10:19. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00019

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Copyright © 2016 Dau, Friederich, Dongre, Li, Bollepalli, Hardie and Juusola.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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hdc^JK910 photoreceptors’ macroscopic light-induced currents (LIC) peak and decay slower ex vivo and their in vivo dark resting potentials are higher than the wild-type. (A) LICs and voltage-gated K⁺-currents were patch-clamp recorded from hdc^JK910 and wild-type R1–R6 photoreceptors in ommatidia, dissociated from freshly eclosed flies. The image is adapted from (Abou Tayoun et al., 2011). (B) Characteristic hdc^JK910 and wild-type single photon responses and their half-widths (insert). Bumps have a similar time course and mean sizes (bump_hdc = 13.9 ± 0.8 pA, bump_wild-type = 16.2 ± 1.4 pA; p = 0.158, two-tailed t-test, n_hdc = 8, n_wild-type = 5). Quantum efficiency was not significantly different (QE_hdc = 0.62 ± 0.04, QE_wild-type = 0.64 ± 0.02; p = 0.805, two-tailed t-test, n_hdc = 8, n_wild-type = 5). (C) Macroscopic hdc^JK910 LICs showed slower than wild-type dynamics. (time-to-peak_hdc = 60.4 ± 9.7 ms, time-to-peak_wild-type = 46.1 ± 8.1 ms; p = 0.008, one-tailed t-test, n_hdc = 5, n_wild-type = 8). (D) Interestingly, the hdc^JK910 membrane capacitance was lower than the wild-type (C_hdc = 46.9 ± 5.5 pF, C_wild-type = 53.5 ± 4.2 pF; p = 0.016, one-tailed t-test, n_hdc = 5, n_wild-type = 8). Mean leak currents did not differ significantly (leak_hdc = -8.2 ± 10.2 pA, leak_wild-type = -10.1 ± 9.0 pA; p = 0.720, two-tailed t-test, n_hdc = 5, n_wild-type = 8). (E) Voltage-gated K⁺-currents of hdc^JK910 and wild-type R1–R6 photoreceptors show similar amplitudes and dynamics; these representative traces are well within the natural variability. (F) Voltage response of dark-adapted wild-type and hdc^JK910 photoreceptors, recorded in vivo to intracellularly injected current pulses. (G) Membrane resistance of hdc^JK910 photoreceptors are wild-type-like (_mR_hdc = 170.5 ± 40.4 MΩ, _mR_wild-type = 159 ± 17.8 MΩ; p = 0.807, two-tailed t-test, n_hdc = 4, n_wild-type = 4). (H) In darkness, the resting potential of hdc^JK910 photoreceptors is significantly higher than in the wild-type (V_hdc = -54.5 ± 1.7 mV, V_wild-type = -61.8 ± 1.74 mV; p = 0.011, one-tailed t-test, n_hdc = 4, n_wild-type = 5). (D–H) Mean ± SEM. All recordings performed at t = 19°C.