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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Mar 1;176(3):372–379. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7664

Table 3.

Caregiving-Related Difficulties, Participation Effects, and Supportive Services Use

Help With Health Care Activities
Substantial Help Some Help No Help
Variable % [Reference] % P Value % P Value
Emotional difficulty related to providing carea
 Little or none 45.1 56.5 <.01 70.5 <.001
 Some 20.7 16.4 14.9
 Substantial 34.3 27.2 14.6
Physical difficulty related to providing carea
 Little or none 66.9 77.7 <.001 87.6 <.001
 Some 11.5 10.3 6.7
 Substantial 21.6 12.0 5.7
Financial difficulty related to providing carea
 Little or none 67.2 79.9 <.001 86.7 <.001
 Some 9.9 7.8 6.6
 Substantial 23.0 12.3 6.7
Caregiving effects on valued activitiesb
 Visiting friends and family 28.1 12.6 <.001 5.3 <.001
 Going out for enjoyment 20.1 9.0 <.001 2.3 <.001
 Attending religious services 14.9 4.7 <.01 0.8 <.001
 Participating in club meetings or group activities 12.9 6.0 <.001 0.5 <.001
Caregiving effects on participation in ≥1 valued activities 35.3 18.8 <.001 6.4 <.001
Works for payc 38.8 41.0 .61 41.3 .57
Caregiving effects on work, of those who work
 Missed work because of caregiving in the past monthd 20.0 7.0 <.001 3.5 <.001
 Absenteeism, missed hours because of caregivinge 2.1 0.7 .01 0.2 <.001
 Presenteeism, reduced productivity because of caregiving 7.9 2.6 <.01 2.7 <.01
Caregiving-related work productivity loss 9.6 3.3 <.01 2.9 <.001
Supportive services or assistance directed to caregiver
 Respite care 16.6 8.4 <.001 2.8 <.001
 Received training regarding how to assist older adult 9.5 6.3 .11 2.8 <.001
 Support group participation 6.5 3.0 .03 2.7 .04
Use of ≥1 supportive services 26.7 15.5 <.001 7.6 <.001
a

Responses of no difficulty are categorized as little or none, rated levels of difficulty of 1 to 2 are categorized as some, and rated levels of difficulty of 3 to 5 are categorized as substantial.

b

Reduced participation in the past month because of caregiving for activities identified as being somewhat or very important.

c

Sample includes 656 working family caregivers providing substantial help (n = 327), some help (n = 181), or no help (n = 148) with health care activities.

d

Missed work refers to anymissed time from work in the past month because of caregiving.

e

Absenteeism reflects hours of work missed because of caregiving in relation to all hours typically worked.