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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Mar 1;176(3):372–379. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7664

Table 4.

Multivariable Logistic Regression Results for Correlates of Caregiving-Related Effects

Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)a
Caregiver Characteristic Emotional Difficultyb Physical Difficultyb Financial Difficultyb Participation Restrictionsc Work Productivity Lossd
Age 0.99 (0.98 1.00) 1.01 (1.00–1.02) 0.98 (0.97–0.99) 0.99 (0.98–1.00) 1.00 (0.99–1.02)
Female sex 1.45 (1.10–1.92) 1.92 (1.41–2.62) 1.02 (0.72–1.43) 1.23 (0.85–1.78) 1.36 (0.75–2.47)
Educational attainment
 ≤High school 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
 Some college 1.76 (1.34–2.31) 1.44 (1.02–2.01) 1.30 (0.86–1.96) 1.50 (1.05–2.14) 1.32 (0.71–2.45)
 ≥College 1.94 (1.43–2.64) 1.36 (0.90–2.04) 1.16 (0.67–1.98) 2.21 (1.51–3.24) 2.26 (1.09–4.70)
Self-rated health status
 Excellent or very good 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
 Good 1.47 (1.11–1.93) 1.94 (1.38–2.72) 2.49 (1.77–3.49) 1.79 (1.28–2.50) 1.91 (1.07–3.41)
 Fair or poor 1.86 (1.30–2.67) 4.91 (3.43–7.03) 2.74 (1.90–3.96) 2.13 (1.51–3.01) 2.13 (0.98–4.60)
Presence of a child <18 y old in the household 0.79 (0.50–1.25) 1.17 (0.67–2.06) 1.06 (0.63–1.79) 0.56 (0.33–0.93) 0.68 (0.35–1.34)
Works for pay 0.93 (0.73–1.19) 0.68 (0.49–0.94) 0.98 (0.70–1.37) 0.93 (0.67–1.29) Not Applicable
Relationship to the older adult
 Spouse 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
 Daughter or son 1.28 (0.83–1.97) 0.76 (0.56–1.04) 0.75 (0.46–1.22) 0.93 (0.64–1.36) 1.16 (0.60–2.24)
 Other relative 0.58 (0.35–0.97) 0.73 (0.47–1.11) 0.56 (0.35–0.89) 0.92 (0.57–1.47) 0.61 (0.26–1.46)
 Nonrelative 0.36 (0.17–0.76) 0.52 (0.23–1.16) 0.25 (0.09–0.72) 0.37 (0.15–0.88) 0.32 (0.05–2.22)
Older adults' functione
 No dementia or severe disability 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
 Dementia but not severe disability 1.19 (0.83–1.69) 1.29 (0.91–1.84) 1.68 (1.09–2.59) 1.67 (1.14–2.43) 1.21 (0.70–2.11)
 No dementia but severe disability 1.51 (1.02–2.25) 2.56 (1.59–4.11) 1.59 (1.08–2.35) 1.92 (1.27–2.92) 1.56 (0.75–3.25)
 Both dementia and severe disability 1.78 (1.10–2.87) 3.12 (2.12–4.59) 1.83 (1.17–2.86) 3.02 (2.02–4.51) 1.16 (0.49–2.74)
Help with health care activities
 No help 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
 Some help 1.43 (0.96–2.13) 1.71 (1.11–2.63) 1.37 (0.87–2.17) 2.72 (1.69–4.39) 0.85 (0.39–1.84)
 Substantial help 1.79 (1.20–2.66) 2.03 (1.39–2.97) 2.21 (1.52–3.22) 5.32 (3.31–8.59) 3.14 (1.40–7.02)
a

Adjusted for caregiver age, sex, educational attainment, self-rated health status, presence of a child younger than 18 years in the household, work responsibilities, and relationship to the older adult.

b

Difficulty related to providing care, with contrast between caregivers who rated the level of difficulty of 1 to 5 (some or substantial in Table 3) vs caregivers who indicated little or no difficulty because of caregiving.

c

Reduced participation in any of 4 valued activities (visiting friends and family, going out for enjoyment, attending religious services, and participating in club meetings or group activities) because of caregiving.

d

Refers to any work productivity loss using a composite measure encompassing absenteeism and presenteeism among caregivers working for pay (n = 656).

e

Dementia refers to probable dementia using a summary measure. Severe disability refers to receiving help with 3 or more self-care or mobility activities, including bathing, eating, dressing, toileting, transferring and indoor activity.