Table 2.
HRs Per SD of Log‐Calcium or Category of Calcium and 95% CIs for Regression of Major Cardiovascular Events and All‐Cause Mortality Associated With Coronary, Aortic, and Valvular Calcification
| End point | Major CHD | Major CVD | Mortality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. events/sample size/% | 59/3399/1.7 | 103/3374/3.1 | 152/3486/4.4 | |||
| Years of follow‐up | 7.55 | 7.54 | 8.62 | |||
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| CAC continuous | ||||||
| A/S adjusted | 2.89 (2.06–4.05) | <0.001 | 1.97 (1.54–2.51) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.08–1.66) | 0.009 |
| RF adjusted | 2.46 (1.75–3.48) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.37–2.44) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.01–1.57) | 0.045 |
| CAC categorical | ||||||
| A/S adjusted | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 1 to 100 | 1.91 (0.75–4.85) | 0.17 | 1.69 (0.87–3.25) | 0.12 | 0.80 (0.45–1.41) | 0.44 |
| 101 to 300 | 6.52 (2.46–17.2) | <0.001 | 4.77 (2.39–9.52) | <0.001 | 1.48 (0.81–2.70) | 0.21 |
| >300 | 15.3 (5.90–39.5) | <0.001 | 6.04 (2.93–12.5) | <0.001 | 1.52 (0.82–2.82) | 0.18 |
| RF adjusted | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 1 to 100 | 1.46 (0.57–3.75) | 0.43 | 1.36 (0.70–2.63) | 0.36 | 0.71 (0.40–1.26) | 0.24 |
| 101 to 300 | 4.63 (1.73–12.4) | 0.002 | 3.73 (1.86–7.47) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.75–2.54) | 0.30 |
| >300 | 9.36 (3.60–24.4) | <0.001 | 4.27 (2.08–8.78) | <0.001 | 1.26 (0.67–2.36) | 0.48 |
| AAC | ||||||
| A/S adjusted | 2.71 (1.76–4.11) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.44–2.64) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.18–2.08) | 0.002 |
| RF adjusted | 1.95 (1.27–3.00) | 0.002 | 1.50 (1.11–2.05) | 0.01 | 1.34 (1.01–1.79) | 0.046 |
| lgCAC adjusted | 1.21 (0.78–1.90) | 0.39 | 1.20 (0.86–1.67) | 0.29 | 1.26 (0.92–1.73) | 0.145 |
| TAC | ||||||
| A/S adjusted | 1.59 (1.21–2.09) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.07–1.59) | 0.007 | 1.50 (1.26–1.78) | <0.001 |
| RF adjusted | 1.40 (1.06–1.83) | 0.02 | 1.18 (0.98–1.44) | 0.09 | 1.41 (1.18–1.68) | <0.001 |
| lgCAC adjusted | 1.11 (0.83–1.47) | 0.48 | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) | 0.67 | 1.33 (1.10–1.61) | 0.003 |
| AVC | ||||||
| A/S adjusted | 1.31 (1.06–1.62) | 0.013 | 1.17 (1.00–1.36) | 0.049 | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | 0.003 |
| RF adjusted | 1.26 (1.01–1.57) | 0.037 | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | 0.12 | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) | 0.006 |
| lgCAC adjusted | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 0.54 | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 0.29 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 0.13 |
| MVC | ||||||
| A/S adjusted | 1.21 (1.04–1.24) | 0.014 | 1.24 (1.11–1.38) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | <0.001 |
| RF adjusted | 1.20 (1.02–1.41) | 0.03 | 1.23 (1.11–1.38) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.11–1.33) | <0.001 |
| lgCAC adjusted | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | 0.21 | 1.18 (1.06–1.32) | 0.003 | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | <0.001 |
With the exception of CAC categorical, HRs are per 1‐SD increase in log‐transformed calcium measures. For CAC categorical, HRs are versus the CAC 0 group. No significant interaction of sex was present with of any of the calcium measurements to predict major CHD (P>0.10). For major CVD, the P values for the interaction of sex with measurements were between 0.05 and 0.10 for log‐transformed AAC, TAC, and MVC, but the direction of the effect was similar in men and women. A/S indicates adjusted for age and sex; AAC, abdominal aorta calcification; AVC, aortic valve calcification; CAC, coronary artery calcification; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; lgCAC, adjusted for CAC; MVC, mitral valve calcification; Ref, reference group; RF, adjusted for Framingham risk factors; TAC, thoracic aorta calcification.