Table 1.
Patient Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| PM | ICD | CRT‐D | P Valuea | Overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients (%) | 22 557 (49.8) | 20 632 (45.6) | 2063 (4.6) | 45 252 | |
| Age, y | |||||
| Mean | 75.5 | 68.8 | 69.1 | <0.001 | 72.2 |
| SD | 13.8 | 12.9 | 12.2 | 13.8 | |
| Median | 79.0 | 70.0 | 71.0 | 75.0 | |
| Male (%) | 12 207 (54.1) | 15 374 (74.5) | 1544 (74.8) | <0.001 | 29 125 (64.4) |
| Residence (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Northeast | 4621 (20.5) | 4223 (20.5) | 480 (23.3) | 9324 (20.6) | |
| South | 7168 (31.8) | 6958 (33.7) | 645 (31.3) | 14 771 (32.6) | |
| Midwest | 6672 (29.6) | 6406 (31.1) | 616 (29.9) | 13 694 (30.3) | |
| West | 3804 (16.9) | 2754 (13.4) | 300 (14.5) | 6858 (15.2) | |
| Missing | 292 (1.3) | 291 (1.4) | 22 (1.1) | 605 (1.3) | |
| Charlson score | |||||
| Mean | 1.80 | 2.42 | 2.86 | <0.001 | 2.13 |
| SD | 1.90 | 2.03 | 2.08 | 2.00 | |
| 25th percentile | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Median | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | |
| 75th percentile | 3.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | |
| Score breakout (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 6960 (30.9) | 3381 (16.4) | 173 (8.4) | 10 514 (23.2) | |
| 1 | 5158 (22.9) | 4788 (23.2) | 452 (21.9) | 10 398 (23.0) | |
| 2 | 4084 (18.1) | 4123 (20.0) | 409 (19.8) | 8616 (19.0) | |
| 3+ | 6355 (28.2) | 8340 (40.4) | 1029 (49.9) | 15 724 (37.8) | |
| Selected Charlson comorbidities (%) | |||||
| Congestive heart failure | 6484 (28.7) | 14 824 (71.9) | 1927 (93.4) | <0.001 | 23 235 (51.4) |
| Diabetes without complications | 6119 (27.1) | 7283 (35.3) | 795 (38.5) | <0.001 | 14 197 (31.4) |
| Diabetes with complications | 1698 (7.5) | 1996 (9.7) | 238 (11.5) | <0.001 | 3932 (8.7) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 4728 (21.0) | 4803 (23.3) | 595 (28.8) | <0.001 | 10 126 (22.4) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 4086 (18.1) | 3338 (16.2) | 352 (17.1) | <0.001 | 7776 (17.2) |
| Renal disease | 2678 (11.9) | 3235 (15.7) | 407 (19.7) | <0.001 | 6320 (14.0) |
| Other selected conditions (%) | |||||
| Bradycardia | 15 090 (66.9) | 3159 (15.3) | 467 (22.6) | <0.001 | 18 716 (41.4) |
| Tachycardia | 2458 (10.9) | 12 572 (60.9) | 1156 (56.0) | <0.001 | 16 186 (35.8) |
| Fibrillation or flutter | 11 953 (53.0) | 10 442 (50.6) | 1239 (60.1) | <0.001 | 23 634 (52.2) |
| Baseline medication use (%) | |||||
| Warfarin | 5672 (25.2) | 5575 (27.0) | 753 (36.5) | <0.001 | 12 000 (26.5) |
| NOAC | 497 (2.2) | 479 (2.3) | 51 (2.5) | 0.583 | 1027 (2.3) |
| Antiplatelet therapy, any | 3004 (13.3) | 4103 (19.9) | 450 (21.8) | <0.001 | 7557 (16.7) |
| CIED replacement setting (%) | |||||
| Inpatient | 5758 (25.5) | 7603 (36.9) | 1844 (89.4) | <0.001 | 15 205 (33.6) |
| Outpatient | 16 799 (74.5) | 13 029 (63.2) | 219 (10.6) | <0.001 | 30 047 (66.4) |
| Mortality over follow‐upb | 38 (0.68) | 56 (0.97) | 10 (1.43) | 0.061 | 104 (0.86) |
CIED indicates cardiac implantable electronic device; CRT‐D, cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; NOAC, novel oral anticoagulant; PM, pacemaker.
a
Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous measures and the chi‐square test for proportions.
b
Only observed if an inpatient admission over follow‐up had the discharge disposition of “dead”; no Social Security–linked mortality information was available. Among patients with a follow‐up visit for lead damage, only 1 patient died (ICD group).