. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Jan;1363(1):99–115. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13021

Table 3.

Fold differences in acyl carnitines and carnitine in liver of male wild-type and Cdo1^−/− mice fed basal, high-fat, or taurine-supplemented high-fat diets.

Metabolites	Genotype–diet groups Relative abundance of metabolites						Significance level for main effects and 2-way interaction as analyzed by a general linear model F(5,24)^†
	Wild type basal	Cdo1^−/− basal	Wild type HiFat	Cdo1^−/− HiFat	Wild type HiFat+Tau	Cdo1^−/− HiFat+Tau	Genotype	Diet	GxD
Propionyl carnitine	1 ± 0.37^a^*,^†,^§	0.39 ± 0.04^b	0.81 ± 0.09^a	0.37 ± 0.03^b	0.85 ± 0.11^a	0.62 ± 0.10^b	P = 0.0001
Butyryl carnitine	1 ± 0.24^a,b	1.11 ± 0.09^a	0.58 ± 0.08^c	0.63 ± 0.06^c	0.45 ± 0.08^c	0.72 ± 0.08^b,c		P = 0.0011
Succinyl carnitine	1 ± 0.35	0.68 ± 0.09	1.19 ± 0.20	0.93 ± 0.16	0.97 ± 0.20	1.32 ± 0.37
Hydroxybutanoyl (OH-C4) carnitine	1 ± 0.09^c	1.63 ± 0.24^b	0.84± 0.06^c	2.51 ± 0.25^a	0.88 ± 0.14^c	1.46 ± 0.33^b,c	P < 0.0001		P = 0.0246
Glutaryl carnitine (Lys, Trp)	1 ± 0.31	1.86 ± 0.27	1.54 ± 0.21	2.11 ± 0.40	1.10 ± 0.09	1.59 ± 0.48
Methylcrotonyl carnitine (Ile)	1 ± 0.39	0.50 ± 0.09	0.84± 0.11	0.77 ± 0.14	0.77 ± 0.11	0.98 ± 0.19
Hydroxypentanoyl (OH-C5)/3-hydroxy-isovaleryl carnitine (Leu)	1 ± 0.07^c	1.43 ± 0.08^a	0.58± 0.08^b,c	1.40 ± 0.09^a,b	0.45 ± 0.07^c	1.19 ± 0.15^a,b,c	P = 0.0019
Octanoyl (C8) carnitine	1 ± 0.22^b,c,d,^*	1.89 ± 0.26^a	0.59± 0.13^c,d	1.08 ± 0.20^b,c	0.97 ± 0.11^d	1.23 ± 0.17^b	P < 0.0001	P = 0.0047
Octenoyl (C8:1) carnitine	1 ± 0.37	1.18 ± 0.18	0.74 ± 0.07	0.84 ± 0.08	0.84 ± 0.09	1.16 ± 0.26
Decanoyl (C10) carnitine	1 ± 0.18	2.09 ± 0.49	0.81 ± 0.11	1.39 ± 0.26	0.87 ± 0.14	1.93 ± 0.50
Decenoyl (C10:1) carnitine	1 ± 0.17^b	2.12 ± 0.44^a	1.09± 0.18^b	1.62 ± 0.17^a,b	1.08 ± 0.21^b	1.76 ± 0.41^a,b	P = 0.0011
Tetradecanoyl (C14) carnitine	1 ± 0.06^b	1.72 ± 0.18^a	0.99± 0.11^b	1.26 ± 0.09^a,b	0.96 ± 0.12^b	1.85 ± 0.42^a	P = 0.0004
Tetradecenoyl (C14:1) carnitine	1 ± 0.08^b	2.08 ± 0.29^a	1.04 ± 0.22^b	1.62 ± 0.16^a,b	1.29 ± 0.22^a,b	2.77 ± 1.26^a	P = 0.0042
Palmitoyl (C16) carnitine	1 ± 0.14^c	1.95 ± 0.52^a	1.11 ± 0.11^c	1.83 ± 0.20^a,b	1.27 ± 0.17^b,c	2.58 ± 0.55^a	P < 0.0001
Hexadecenoyl (C16:1) carnitine	1 ± 0.11^b	2.44 ± 0.11^a	0.94 ± 0.17^b	1.86 ± 0.16^a	0.97 ± 0.15^b	2.89 ± 1.24^a	P < 0.0001
Hydroxyhexadecanoyl (OH-C16) carnitine	1 ± 0.11^d	2.51 ± 0.50^a	1.30 ± 0.15^b,c,d	1.90 ± 0.16^a,b,c	1.28 ± 0.25^c,d	2.85 ± 0.96^a,b	P = 0.0007
Hydroxyhexadecenoyl (OH-C16:1) carnitine	1 ± 0.18^d	2.76 ± 0.47^a	1.09 ± 0.19^c,d	2.22 ± 0.29^a,b	1.09 ± 0.18^b,c,d	3.36 ± 1.73^a,b,c	P = 0.0006
Heptadecanoyl (C17:1) carnitine	1 ± 0.12^b	3.46 ± 0.86^a	1.46 ± 0.21^b	2.56 ± 0.31^a	1.29 ± 0.24^b	2.71 ± 0.54^a	P < 0.0001
Stearoyl (C18) carnitine	1 ± 0.20^c	3.33 ± 0.47^a	1.76 ± 0.22^b	2.90 ± 0.26^a	1.89 ± 0.30^b	3.16 ± 0.51^a	P < 0.0001		P = 0.0368
Oleoly (C18:1)carnitine/ Elaidic carnitine/Vaccenyl carnitine	1 ± 0.17^b	2.93 ± 0.51^a	1.22 ± 0.21^b	2.94 ± 0.45^a	1.31 ± 0.20^b	4.19 ± 1.42^a	P < 0.0001
Linoleyl (C18:2) carnitine/Linoelaidyl carnitine	1 ± 0.13^d	2.16 ± 0.37^a,b,c	1.56 ± 0.31^c,d	2.55 ± 0.35^a,b	1.69 ± 0.15^b,c	3.57 ± 1.13^a	P = 0.0002	P = 0.0486
Carnitine	1 ± 0.09	0.92 ± 0.07	1.01 ± 0.03	0.98 ± 0.06	0.99 ± 0.07	0.97 ± 0.08

All values for metabolite concentrations are expressed relative to the average value for the wild-type/basal diet group, which was set as 1.0. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

^†

All values were transformed to log₁₀ values before statistical analysis. Columns on the right give P values for the main effects and their interaction as analyzed by a general linear model for the two categorical variables and their interaction.

^§

Values not followed by the same superscript letter are significantly different at P < 0.05 as determined by the Tukey’s post hoc comparison test. Metabolites indicated by shaded rows were significantly higher in Cdo1^−/− mice than in wild-type mice for all three diet groups by Tukey’s post hoc test.