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. 2016 Mar 20;3:19. doi: 10.1186/s40697-016-0105-x

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© Nesrallah et al. 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Effect of unmeasured confounding. This sensitivity analysis illustrates how powerful a single unmeasured confounder (e.g., “frailty”) would have to be to account for the survival advantage of daily home HD over PD. The y-axis denotes the hazard ratio that would have to be associated with the unmeasured confounder to raise the upper limit of the 95 % CI of the primary analysis effect estimate to include unity (1.0, no association). For example, if the prevalence of the unmeasured confounder was 5 % in the daily HD group and 20 % in the PD group, a hazard ratio of 2.63 associated with the confounder would be required to account for the observed advantage of daily HD over PD in the main analysis (see text)