Demographic variables |
Primary income earner education |
Did not finish primary |
42 (13.9 %) |
62 (24.2 %) |
75 (27.5 %) |
179 (21.5 %) |
Primary school |
137 (45.2 %) |
114 (44.5 %) |
97 (35.5 %) |
348 (41.8 %) |
Secondary school and beyond |
123 (40.6 %) |
79 (30.9 %) |
101 (37.0 %) |
303 (36.4 %) |
Missing |
1 (0.3 %) |
1 (0.4 %) |
0 |
2 (0.2 %) |
Sex of primary income earner |
Male |
236 (77.89 %) |
144 (55.9 %) |
196 (71.8 %) |
576 (69.2 %) |
Female |
66 (21.8 %) |
107 (41.8 %) |
75 (27.5 %) |
248 (29.8 %) |
Both sexes |
0 |
2 (0.8 %) |
2 (0.7 %) |
4 (0.5 %) |
Missing |
1 (0.3 %) |
5 (3.5 %) |
0 |
6 (0.7 %) |
Socioeconomic indicators |
Possessions |
Ownership of both furniture and livestock |
268 (88.4 %) |
238 (93.0 %) |
204 (74.7 %) |
710 (85.3 %) |
Ownership of furniture only |
29 (9.5 %) |
15 (5.8 %) |
48 (17.5 %) |
92 (11.1 %) |
Ownership of livestock only |
2 (0.7 %) |
3 (1.2 %) |
19 (7.0 %) |
24 (2.9 %) |
None |
2 (0.7 %) |
0 |
0 |
2 (0.2 %) |
Missing |
2 (0.7 %) |
0 |
2 (0.8 %) |
4 (0.5 %) |
Home construction |
Mud |
276 (91.0 %) |
235 (91.8 %) |
253 (92.7 %) |
764 (91.8 %) |
Cement/brick |
22 (7.3 %) |
17 (6.6 %) |
17 (6.2 %) |
56 (6.7 %) |
Missing |
5 (1.7 %) |
4 (1.6 %) |
3 (1.1 %) |
12(1.4 %) |
Malaria status |
No malaria infection in family in past year |
3 (1.0 %) |
0 |
4 (1.5 %) |
7 (0.8 %) |
At least one victim in family in past year |
291 (96.0 %) |
205 (80.1 %) |
242(88.6 %) |
738 (88.7 %) |
Missing |
9 (3.0 %) |
51 (19.9 %) |
27 (9.9 %) |
87 (10.5 %) |
Health-seeking behaviours |
Action taken upon suspicion of malaria |
Treatment sought at hospitals, clinics, and dispensaries exclusively |
144 (47.5 %) |
202 (78.9 %) |
204 (74.7 %) |
550 (66.1 %) |
Treatment sought at pharmaceutical retail facilities exclusively |
79 (26.1 %) |
16 (6.3 %) |
25 (9.2 %) |
120 (14.4 %) |
Treatment sought at traditional healers exclusively |
1 (0.3 %) |
0 |
0 |
1 (0.1 %) |
No treatment facility preference indicated |
42 (13.9 %) |
9 (3.5 %) |
25 (9.2 %) |
76 (9.1 %) |
No action taken |
37 (12.2 %) |
24 (9.4 %) |
18 (6.6 %) |
79 (9.5 %) |
Missing |
0 |
5 (1.9 %) |
1 (0.3 %) |
6 (0.7 %) |
Treatment seeking timeline |
Delay treatment for >24 h after fever onset |
180 (59.4 %) |
117 (45.7 %) |
110 (40.3 %) |
407 (48.9 %) |
Seek treatment within 24 h after fever onset |
119 (39.3 %) |
135 (52.7 %) |
160 (58.6 %) |
414 (49.8 %) |
Missing |
4 (1.3 %) |
4 (1.6 %) |
3 (1.1 %) |
11 (1.3 %) |
Medicine |
Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) exclusively |
172 (56.8 %) |
149 (58.2 %) |
147 (53.9 %) |
468 (56.3 %) |
Non-ACT exclusively: quinine, SP, Fansidar |
46 (15.2 %) |
16 (6.3 %) |
25 (9.2 %) |
87 (10.5 %) |
Painkillers exclusively |
10 (3.3 %) |
6 (2.3 %) |
2 (0.7 %) |
18 (2.2 %) |
Combination of ACTs, non-ACT, and painkillers |
71 (23.4 %) |
80 (31.3 %) |
94 (34.4 %) |
245 (29.4 %) |
Missing |
4 (1.3 %) |
5 (1.9 %) |
5 (1.8 %) |
14 (1.7 %) |
Facility where pharmaceutical treatment is purchased |
Hospitals, clinics, and dispensaries exclusively |
153 (50.5 %) |
188 (73.4 %) |
174 (63.7 %) |
515 (61.9 %) |
Shopkeepers and chemists exclusively |
110 (36.3 %) |
24 (9.4 %) |
56 (20.5 %) |
190 (22.8 %) |
No preference indicated |
37 (12.2 %) |
41 (16.0 %) |
43 (15.8 %) |
121 (14.5 %) |
Missing |
3 (1.0 %) |
3 (1.2 %) |
0 |
6 (0.7 %) |
Health access measures |
Self-reported nearest facility |
Hospitals, clinics, and dispensaries exclusively |
180 (59.4 %) |
227 (88.7 %) |
243 (89.0 %) |
650 (78.1 %) |
Shopkeepers and chemists exclusively |
109 (36.0 %) |
16 (6.2 %) |
25 (9.1 %) |
150 (18.0 %) |
Comparable distance to hospitals/clinics/dispensaries and pharmaceutical retail facilities |
12 (3.9 %) |
12 (4.7 %) |
4 (1.5 %) |
28 (3.4 %) |
Missing |
2 (0.7 %) |
1 (0.4 %) |
1 (0.4 %) |
4 (0.5 %) |
GIS-calculated nearest facility |
Health care center exclusively |
93 (30.7 %) |
158 (61.7 %) |
248 (90.8 %) |
499 (60.0 %) |
Pharmaceutical retailer exclusively |
209 (69.0 %) |
95 (37.1 %) |
17 (6.2 %) |
321 (38.6 %) |
Equidistant |
1 (0.3 %) |
3 (1.2 %) |
8 (3.0 %) |
12 (1.4 %) |
Travel time |
Mean self-reported travel time to nearest facility |
54.9 min (95.4 %) |
55.1 min (98.0 %) |
47.1 min (96.0 %) |
52.4 min (96.5 %) |
Missing |
14 (4.6 %) |
5 (2.0 %) |
11 (4.0 %) |
30 (3.6 %) |
Average GIS-calculated travel time |
Health care center |
32.5 min |
25.5 min |
27.6 min |
85.6 (28.5 %) |
Retailer |
21.9 min |
27.0 min |
57.6 min |
106.5 (35.5 %) |
Method of travel |
Walk exclusively |
260 (85.8 %) |
200 (78.1 %) |
240 (87.9 %) |
700 (84.1 %) |
Bicycle |
30 (9.9 %) |
16 (6.2 %) |
10 (3.7 %) |
56 (6.7 %) |
Car or other motorized transport |
8 (2.6 %) |
25 (9.8 %) |
10 (3.7 %) |
43 (5.2 %) |
Mix of walking, biking, and motorized transport |
3 (1.0 %) |
12 (4.7 %) |
11 (4.0 %) |
26 (3.1 %) |
Missing |
2 (0.7 %) |
3 (1.2 %) |
2 (0.7 %) |
7 (0.8 %) |
Reason for delay (if any) |
Do not delay |
2 (0.7 %) |
0 |
1 (0.4 %) |
3 (0.4 %) |
Money |
182 (60.0 %) |
98 (38.3 %) |
89 (32.6 %) |
369 (44.4 %) |
Distance |
2 (0.7 %) |
2 (0.8 %) |
1 (0.4 %) |
5 (0.6 %) |
Expect improvement of condition |
46 (15.2 %) |
50 (19.5 %) |
33 (12.1 %) |
129 (15.5 %) |
Transportation |
1 (0.3 %) |
0 |
1 (0.4 %) |
2 (0.2 %) |
Mix |
15 (4.9 %) |
1 (0.4 %) |
5 (2.1 %) |
21 (2.5 %) |
Other |
0 |
0 |
1 (0.4 %) |
1 (0.1 %) |
Missing |
55 (18.2 %) |
105 (41.0 %) |
142 (52.0 %) |
302 (36.3 %) |
Affordability of treatment |
Found treatment unaffordable |
43 (14.2 %) |
85 (33.2 %) |
99 (36.3 %) |
227 (27.3 %) |
Found treatment affordable |
245 (80.8 %) |
169 (66.0 %) |
174 (63.7 %) |
588 (70.7 %) |
Missing |
15 (5.0 %) |
2 (7.8 %) |
0 |
17 (2.0 %) |