Table 1.

Characteristics of the children with Type 1 diabetes included in the study, overall and stratified by insulin regimen

	All N = 273	Insulin pump n = 181	Multiple daily injections n = 92	P *
Age (years), mean ± sd (range)	13.3 ± 2.9 (8.1–18.2)	13.2 ± 2.8 (8.1–18.2)	13.7 ± 3.0 (8.2–18.0)	0.2
Sex (female), %	49	48	50	0.8
BMI (z-score), mean ± sd (range)	0.7 ± 0.8 (−2.0 to 2.4)	0.7 ± 0.8 (−2.0 to 2.4)	0.7 ± 0.8 (−1.7 to 2.3)	0.7
Race (white), %	90	95	80	0.0001
Parent education level, %				0.005
High school or lower	10	9	15
College	69	66	72
Graduate school	21	25	13
Insurance (private), %	88	94	77	0.0002
Family structure (two-parent), %	84	89	72	0.0003
Diabetes duration (years), mean ± sd (range)	6.5 ± 3.4 (1.0–15.5)	6.6 ± 3.2 (1.3–14.9)	6.3 ± 3.6 (1.0–15.5)	0.4
HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean ± sd (range)	71 ± 15 (42–140)	67 ± 11 (42–107)	78 ± 19 (49–140)	<0.0001
HbA1c (%), mean ± sd (range)	8.6 ± 1.4 (6.0–15.0)	8.3 ± 1.0 (6.0–11.9)	9.3 ± 1.7 (6.6–15.0)	<0.0001
Blood glucose monitoring (checks/day),  mean ± sd (range)	5.3 ± 2.2 (0–10)	5.8 ± 2.1 (0–10)	4.4 ± 2.1 (0–10)	<0.0001
Insulin dose (units/kg/day), mean ± sd (range)	0.9 ± 0.3 (0.5–2.8)	0.9 ± 0.2 (0.5–1.7)	1.0 ± 0.3 (0.5–2.8)	<0.0001
DMQ score: child, mean ± sd (range)	70.6 ± 12.9 (32.5–100.0)	72.2 ± 12.1 (41.3–100.0)	67.6 ± 13.9 (32.5–92.5)	0.006
DMQ score: parent, mean ± sd (range)	74.1 ± 13.4 (16.3–98.8)	75.9 ± 11.8 (37.5–97.5)	70.5 ± 15.5 (16.3–98.8)	0.004

DMQ, Diabetes Management Questionnaire.

^*Differences between children with diabetes using pump vs. those on an injection-based insulin regimen.