Table 1.

Summary of review findings on the association between loneliness and smoking

Variable	Category	Studies with Significant results	Studies with Nonsignificant results	N	%†	N*	%‡
Study Location	US	Allen et al., 1994; Christopherson & Conner, 2012; DeWall & Pond, 2011; Moadel et al., 2012	Cacioppo et al., 2002;Grunbaum et al., 2000; Hays & DiMatteo, 1987; Siconolfi et al., 2013; Thurston & Kubzansky, 2009	11	44	5	45
	England	Shankar et al., 2011;Whisman, 2010	Qualter et al., 2013; Steptoe, Owen, Kunz-Ebrecht, & Brydon, 2004	4	16	2	50
	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine		Stickley et al., 2013	1	4	0	0
	Australia	Lauder et al., 2006		1	4	1	100
	Brazil	Malta et al., 2014		1	4	1	100
	Hong Kong	Leung et al., 2008		1	4	1	100
	Kenya, Namibia, Uganda, Zimbabwe	Peltzer, 2009		1	4	1	100
	Philippines, China, Chile, and Namibia	Page et al., 2010		1	4	1	100
	Serbia and Montenegro		Backović et al., 2006	1	4	0	0
	Seychelles		Alwan et al., 2011	1	4	0	0
	Thailand, Taiwan, the Philippines, Hungary, Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, and the Czech Republic		Page et al., 2008	1	4	0	0
	US and Russia	Stickley et al., 2014		1	4	1	100
Loneliness Measures	ULS	Allen et al., 1994; Christopherson & Conner, 2012; Moadel et al., 2012; Shankar et al., 2011; Whisman, 2010	Cacioppo et al., 2002; Grunbaum et al., 2000; Hays & DiMatteo, 1987; Page et al., 2008; Siconolfi et al., 2013; Steptoe et al., 2004	12	48	5	42
	One-item likert measure including word lonely	DeWall & Pond, 2011; Malta et al., 2014; Page et al., 2010; Peltzer, 2009; Stickley et al., 2014	Thurston & Kubzansky, 2009; Stickley et al., 2013; Alwan et al., 2011;	9	36	6	67
	De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale	Lauder et al., 2006; Leung et al., 2008		2	8	2	100
	Peer-Related Loneliness Subscale from the Loneliness and Aloneness Scale for Children and Adolescents		Qualter et al., 2013	1	4	0	0
	unspecified		Backović et al., 2006	1	4	0	0
Smoking measures	Smoking status	Allen et al., 1994; Lauder et al., 2006; Leung et al., 2008; Shankar et al., 2011; Stickley et al., 2014; Whisman, 2010	Backović et al., 2006; Page et al., 2008; Qualter et al., 2013; Siconolfi et al., 2013; Steptoe et al., 2004; Stickley et al., 2013; Thurston & Kubzansky, 2009;	13	52	6	46
	GSHS two-item measure	Malta et al., 2014; Page et al., 2010; Peltzer, 2009	Alwan et al., 2011	4	16	3	75
	Number of cigarettes/packs consumed daily/weekly		Cacioppo et al., 2002	2	8	0	0
	YRBS measures	Christopherson & Conner, 2012	Grunbaum et al., 2000	2	8	1	50
	Ever-smoking, ever-weekly smoking, heavier past smoking in comparison to current smoking, and ever chain smoking	DeWall & Pond, 2011		1	4	1	100
	Ever-smoking and frequency of smoking in past 30 days	DeWall & Pond, 2011		1	4	1	100
	Past 7 day smoking following cessation	Moadel et al., 2012		1	4	1	100
	Quantity/frequency of smoking in past 6 months		Hays & DiMatteo, 1987	1	4	0	0
Population	Adult	Christopherson & Conner, 2012; DeWall & Pond, 2011; Lauder et al., 2006; Leung et al., 2008; Moadel et al., 2012; Shankar et al., 2011; Whisman, 2010	Cacioppo et al., 2002; Hays & DiMatteo, 1987; Siconolfi et al., 2013; Steptoe et al., 2004; Stickley et al., 2013; Thurston et al., 2009	14	56	7	50
	Adolescent	Allen et al., 1994; DeWall & Pond, 2011; Malta et al., 2014; Page et al., 2010; Peltzer, 2009; Stickley et al., 2014	Alwan et al., 2011; Backović et al., 2006; Grunbaum et al., 2000; Page et al., 2008; Qualter et al., 2013;	11	44	6	55
Sampling strategy	Nationally representative	DeWall & Pond, 2011; Lauder et al., 2006; Page et al., 2010; Peltzer, 2009; Shankar et al., 2011; Whisman, 2010	Alwan et al., 2011; Stickley et al., 2013; Thurston & Kubzansky, 2009	10	40	7	70
	High schools	Allen et al., 1994; Malta et al., 2014; Stickley et al., 2014	Grunbaum et al., 2000; Page et al., 2008; Qualter et al., 2013	6	24	3	50
	Community samples	Leung et al., 2008	Cacioppo et al., 2002; Steptoe et al., 2004	3	12	1	33
	University students	Christopherson & Conner, 2012	Cacioppo et al., 2002; Hays & DiMatteo, 1987	3	12	1	33
	Sampled on HIV/AIDS status	Moadel et al., 2012	Siconolfi et al., 2013	2	8	1	50
	Foster homes and community comparison group		Backović et al., 2006	1	4	0	0

Note.

N*=Number of studies with statistically significant findings

^† = Percent of studies in category out of all studies included in review.

^‡ = Percent of studies in category with significant findings out of all studies included in the category. Percentages rounded to the nearest whole percent.