Table 7.

Community college SAAB averages by category^a

SAAB category	n	Pre average (SD)	Post average (SD)	Wxnb	ES
Decoding literature	73	3.0 (0.65)	3.4 (0.51)	<0.0001c	0.68
Visualization	73	3.2 (0.67)	3.5 (0.62)	<0.0001	0.46
Interpreting datad	73	3.5 (0.89)	3.6 (0.85)	0. 27	0.17
Research in context	73	3.9 (0.61)	4.1 (0.63)	0.0006	0.30
Knowledge is certain (R)	73	3.8 (0.48)	3.8 (0.52)	0.34	0
Ability is innate (R)	73	3.2 (0.82)	3.6 (0.82)	0.0065	0.49
Science is creative	73	4.1 (0.64)	4.4 (0.62)	0.0013	0.49
Sense of scientists	72	3.0 (0.87)	3.6 (0.76)	0.0001	0.72
Sense of motives	72	3.5 (0.79)	3.9 (0.82)	0.0006	0.49
Outcomes known in advance (R)	73	3.6 (1.10)	3.7 (0.96)	0.77	0.10
Collaboration	73	4.4 (0.92)	4.4 (0.64)	1.0	0

^aStudent responses in three of four process categories and four of the seven epistemological categories changed significantly and with small to moderate ESs during the community college CREATE courses. ESs were largest for decoding literature and sense of scientists. See Figure 2, B and C, for dot plots of selected data. The (R) indicates that statements were reverse scored; thus, an increase in scores reported reflects a decrease in student agreement, which in turn would reflect a more mature view postcourse than precourse. Thus, postcourse, community college students were less likely to agree with an ability is innate statement. No change was seen in the knowledge is certain category, in students’ sense of whether outcomes of scientific studies are known in advance, or in students’ sense of science as a collaborative activity. The latter may reflect a ceiling effect, as precourse students already agreed strongly (average precourse score 4.4) that science was collaborative.

^bWxn = Wilcoxon signed-rank test (http://vassarstats.net).

^cBoldface indicates significance at less than or equal to p = 0.05.

^dBased on three of the four statements in this scale in Hoskins et al. (2011).