Table 2.

Quantitative Measurements of Selected Metabolites in Plasma

	Metabolites	Class	T1D(−) ± SD	ND ± SD	P Valuea	T1D(+) ± SD	ND ± SD	P Valueb
1	Linolenic	NEFA	9.5 ± 9.9	10.4 ± 10.8	.82	15.1 ± 8.9	11.3 ± 10	.28
2	Myristic	NEFA	8.6 ± 3.5	11.3 ± 7	.21	12.1 ± 6.7	10 ± 4.2	.31
3	Palmitoleic	NEFA	14.5 ± 6.8	18.2 ± 10	.26	26 ± 15.4	22.9 ± 14.8	.57
4	Arachidonic	NEFA	4.1 ± 2.2	3.8 ± 1.6	.71	4.1 ± 1	4.2 ± 1	.77
5	Linoleic	NEFA	110.9 ± 65.6	106.7 ± 73.8	.87	182.9 ± 95.5	131.5 ± 86.7	.13
6	Palmitic	NEFA	99.8 ± 47	117.8 ± 61.4	.39	145 ± 63.5	116.1 ± 31.1	.12
7	Oleic	NEFA	147.5 ± 68.8	149.5 ± 68	.94	229.6 ± 101	163.1 ± 62.5	.04
8	Elaidic	NEFA	9.1 ± 2.9	9.1 ± 3.6	.98	14.9 ± 5.6	11.1 ± 3.4	.03
9	Stearic	NEFA	39.7 ± 18.3	36.8 ± 15.2	.65	53.4 ± 18.3	39.3 ± 9.5	.02
10	Citrate	TCA	133.7 ± 18.1	144.9 ± 22.3	.15	149.9 ± 29.9	153.6 ± 28.8	.73
11	Cis-aconitate	TCA	8.2 ± 1.9	8 ± 1.8	.75	9.7 ± 1.4	9 ± 1.7	.25
12	Isocitrate	TCA	4.1 ± 2	5.6 ± 1	.02	4.9 ± 2.1	5.7 ± 1.3	.26
13	Ketoglutarate	TCA	10.9 ± 2	10.3 ± 1.5	.42	12.3 ± 3.3	12.1 ± 2.6	.83
14	Succinate	TCA	3.7 ± 1.1	3.8 ± 1	.88	3.9 ± 0.8	4 ± 1.2	.73
15	Fummarate	TCA	1.7 ± 0.4	1.9 ± 0.5	.32	2 ± 0.6	2.1 ± 0.7	.71
16	Malate	TCA	3.8 ± 0.9	4.2 ± 1.7	.46	4.5 ± 1	4.1 ± 1.3	.33
17	Ammonia		160.2 ± 185.1	121 ± 61.7	.48	91 ± 22.1	88.9 ± 27.3	.83
18	Histidine	AA	129.3 ± 16.2	154 ± 33.5	.11	125.4 ± 25.8	124.4 ± 21.8	.92
19	1-Methylhistidine	AA	13.3 ± 8.1	16.5 ± 8.2	.41	15.4 ± 8.1	12 ± 11.6	.38
20	3-Methylhistidine	AA	4.5 ± 1.2	5.5 ± 1.9	.20	5.2 ± 1.7	4.8 ± 1.7	.59
21	Asparagine	AA	55.2 ± 12.8	62.1 ± 12.3	.26	57.2 ± 11.8	56.8 ± 10.3	.92
22	Arginine	AA	92.8 ± 15.6	71.7 ± 12.4	.00	73.5 ± 26.2	74.5 ± 15.2	.90
23	Taurine	AA	40.2 ± 11.5	36.7 ± 7.8	.43	38.1 ± 4.6	38.7 ± 9.5	.86
24	Serine	AA	121 ± 22.3	101.4 ± 17.4	.04	123.5 ± 32.1	100.5 ± 25.7	.05
25	Glutamine	AA	312 ± 84.6	311.5 ± 40	.99	342.3 ± 63.9	299.5 ± 63.8	.09
26	Ethanolamine	AA	9.9 ± 2.2	9 ± 1.5	.28	9 ± 1.6	8.9 ± 1.5	.79
27	Glycine	AA	302.1 ± 96.6	216.1 ± 43.5	.01	301.2 ± 77.8	224.9 ± 59.4	.01
28	Aspartic acid	AA	10.7 ± 2	9 ± 2	.08	9.6 ± 3.4	9.9 ± 4.8	.86
29	Sarcosine	AA	1.4 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.5	.25	1.3 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.5	.54
30	Citrulline	AA	39.3 ± 10.6	27.4 ± 5.4	.00	30.9 ± 8.2	28.3 ± 4.8	.30
31	Glutamic acid	AA	109.8 ± 42.4	85.8 ± 12.1	.07	89.8 ± 35.3	92.6 ± 27.9	.82
32	Threonine	AA	131.5 ± 38.2	143.1 ± 33.3	.48	143.7 ± 34.4	139.9 ± 37.4	.78
33	Alanine	AA	331 ± 135.2	344.7 ± 161.2	.67	324.5 ± 99.8	336.6 ± 85.6	.72
34	α-Aminoadipic-acid	AA	0.8 ± 0.3	0.7 ± 0.2	.78	0.7 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.3	.73
35	β-Aminoisobutyric-acid	AA	1.3 ± 0.6	1.4 ± 0.4	.59	1.5 ± 0.6	1.3 ± 0.5	.37
36	Proline	AA	189.6 ± 51.2	178.5 ± 49.9	.64	216.8 ± 71.4	193.7 ± 69.3	.39
37	Hydroxylysine-2	AA	1 ± 0.6	0.5 ± 0.1	.03	0.7 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.3	.22
38	α-Amino-N-butyric-acid	AA	26.5 ± 10.7	17.2 ± 5.6	.02	22.4 ± 8.2	16.9 ± 4	.03
39	Ornithine	AA	90.1 ± 34.8	67.4 ± 32.6	.17	86.2 ± 31.6	70.4 ± 35.4	.23
40	Lysine	AA	184.4 ± 37.1	158.8 ± 27.3	.09	177.1 ± 31.4	158.5 ± 20	.07
41	Cystine	AA	22.5 ± 16	19.2 ± 10.1	.57	27.8 ± 13.5	24.7 ± 14.4	.57
42	Tyrosine	AA	56.3 ± 12.3	52.3 ± 7.5	.36	60.4 ± 14.7	52.8 ± 11.5	.14
43	Methionine	AA	25 ± 4.8	23.8 ± 2.7	.47	27.1 ± 5.5	23.8 ± 2.6	.05
44	Valine	AA	264.1 ± 72.6	241.7 ± 50.5	.42	246.9 ± 44	219.4 ± 42.5	.11
45	Isoleucine	AA	84.9 ± 23.3	75.7 ± 24.2	.43	82.9 ± 20.4	68.7 ± 14.5	.04
46	Leucine	AA	140.8 ± 37.8	128.3 ± 31.4	.43	137.7 ± 28.8	117.5 ± 25	.06
47	Phenylalanine	AA	54.9 ± 6.2	54.9 ± 6.3	1.00	54.9 ± 8.6	54.1 ± 8.5	.81
48	Tryptophan	AA	51.8 ± 9.2	50.9 ± 4.9	.78	52.1 ± 9.9	51.3 ± 8.1	.81
49	25-Hydroxyvitamin D, ng/mL	Vitamin D	25.31 ± 1.8	23.23 ± 2.3	.53	26.15 ± 2.2	25.8 ± 1.9	.88
50	1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, pg/mL	Vitamin D	39.71 ± 2.4	35.77 ± 3.1	.20	40.15 ± 3.6	37.71 ± 3.4	.56
51	24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, ng/mL	Vitamin D	2.69 ± 0.3	2.33 ± 0.4	.52	2.68 ± 0.3	2.73 ± 0.3	.92

Abbreviations: AA, amino acid; NEFA, nonesterified acid.