Fig 3. 3-HBA inhibits inflammation induced by TNF-α in HUVECs.

(A, B, C, D) HUVECs were pretreated with 3-HBA (100 μM) for 24 h. Treatment with H₂O₂ (100 μM) for 1 h (A) and with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) for (B) 6 h, (C) 3 h, and (D) 1 h. (B, C) Densitometric analyses are presented as the relative ratio of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, or phospho-p38 to β-actin. (D) Densitometric analyses of phospho-NF-κB are presented as the relative ratio to NF-κB. Values represent the mean ± SEM of three independent sets of experiments; ** indicates p < 0.005.