Table 2.
Comparative analysis of cytotoxicity of GFNs
| Sr no | Authors | Study material | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Ali-Boucetta et al169 | Purified GO dispersions | Purified GO did not induce significant cytotoxic responses |
| 2. | Cai et al172 | Sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate-functionalized rGO | Low cytotoxicity and long-term antibacterial activity |
| 3. | Du et al160 | PEGylated GO on lymphoma cells | PEG-GO had excellent dispersion and low toxicity on lymphoma cells |
| 4. | Lammel et al170 | GO and carboxyl graphene nanoplatelets in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 | Dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells; plasma membrane damage and induction of oxidative stress. No toxicity at low concentrations (<4 µg/mL) |
| 5. | Li et al166 | GO/gold nanocomposites | Nanocomposites can significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of the amyloid peptides |
| 6. | Liao et al173 | GO and graphene in human erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts | Graphene sheets are more damaging to mammalian fibroblasts than GO. GO showed higher hemolytic activity than graphene sheets. Coating GO with chitosan nearly eliminated hemolytic activity |
| 7. | Qu et al164 | QDs and GO to erythroid cells and macrophages | QDs coupled with ROS are highly damaging to macrophages, particularly QDs coated with PEG-NH2. GO could provoke apoptosis of erythroid cells |
| 8. | Wang et al174 | GO on human lung fibroblast cells | Surface charge on GO plays an important role in its toxicity to HLF cells |
| 9. | Wu et al158 | GO on human MDA-MB-231 cells | Higher GO concentrations increased G0/G1phase cell proportion; induced LDH release and intracellular ROS production |
| 10. | Wu et al168 | GO and GO loaded with doxorubicin | GO caused low cytotoxicity and did not induce cell apoptosis or change the cell cycle in multiple myeloma cells |
| 11. | Yuan et al175 | Oxidized SWCNTs and GO on human hepatoma HepG2 cells | Oxidized SWCNTs induced oxidative stress; interfered with intracellular metabolic routes, protein synthesis and cytoskeletal systems; perturbed the cell cycle and significant increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells |
| 12. | Zhang et al176 | Uniform ultrasmall GO nanosheets | Excellent biocompatibility; lower cytotoxicity, and higher cellular uptake |
| 13. | Zhang et al177 | GO | GO reduced Vpr13-33-induced cytotoxicity to neuroblastoma cells and T-cells |
Abbreviations: GFNs, graphene family nanomaterials; GO, graphene oxide; HLF, human lung fibroblast; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; QD, quantum dot; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SWCNTs, single-walled carbon nanotubes; Sr no, serial number.