Table 2.
State-level regression analysis
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | 95% CI | p Value | Coefficie | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Injury prevention policies | ||||||
| Primary seat belt enforcement | −4.2 | −11.5 to 3.2 | 0.261 | −3.5 | −9.6 to 2.5 | 0.247 |
| Ignition interlock requirement for drunk driving | −4.3 | −11.9 to 4.6 | 0.256 | 1.4 | −4.4 to 7.2 | 0.631 |
| Motorcycle helmet requirement | −5.0 | −12.2 to 2.3 | 0.172 | −3.3 | −9.1 to 2.5 | 0.255 |
| Booster seat requirement for children under age 8 | −8.4 | −15.4 to −1.3 | 0.021 | −0.4 | −6.8 to 6.0 | 0.901 |
| Bicycle helmet requirement for children | −5.1 | −12.2 to 2.0 | 0.152 | −0.6 | −6.8 to 5.7 | 0.851 |
| Access to orders of protection for IPV in dating relationships | −0.9 | −11.9 to 0.1 | 0.865 | 3.3 | −4.8 to 11.4 | 0.416 |
| Access to orders of protection for teen dating violence | −4.8 | −15.7 to 6.1 | 0.382 | −2.4 | −10.5 to 5.7 | 0.554 |
| Strict youth sports concussion laws | −10.2 | −18.7 to −1.8 | 0.019 | −2.3 | −9.0 to 4.4 | 0.486 |
| Prescription drug monitoring programme | 2.3 | −8.7 to 13.3 | 0.675 | 3.9 | −3.6 to 11.4 | 0.302 |
| External cause-of-injury coding | −7.8 | −14.7 to −1.0 | 0.025 | −2.3 | −7.7 to 3.1 | 0.396 |
| Strict gun regulations | −17.9 | −25.2 to −10.6 | <0.001 | −2.8 | −13.4 to 7.8 | 0.600 |
| Weak | 0 | ref | 0 | ref | ||
| Moderate | −0.7 | −8.1 to 6.7 | 0.844 | −0.8 | −7.4 to 5.9 | 0.822 |
| Strong | −16.2 | −23.4 to −9.0 | <0.001 | −4.0 | −12.4 to 4.3 | 0.337 |
| State characteristics | ||||||
| Median household income (z score) | −7.0 | −10.0 to −4.0 | <0.0001 | 0.1 | −4.3 to 4.6 | 0.950 |
| Rural population (%) | 0.5 | 0.3 to 0.7 | <0.0001 | 0.3 | 0.0 to 0.6 | 0.055 |
| White population (%) | 0.2 | 0.0 to 0.4 | 0.075 | 0.2 | −0.1 to 0.4 | 0.163 |
| Population with some college education (%) | −1.2 | −1.8 to −0.5 | 0.001 | −0.8 | −1.7 to 0.1 | 0.071 |
| Uninsured population (%) | 1.0 | 0.3 to 1.8 | 0.005 | 0.7 | −0.2 to 1.6 | 0.107 |
| Unemployed population (%) | −1.1 | −3.2 to 1.0 | 0.289 | −0.6 | −3.1 to 1.8 | 0.617 |
| Population <18 years (%) | 0.1 | −2.0 to 1.8 | 0.945 | 0.4 | −2.5 to 3.4 | 0.772 |
| Population ≥65 years (%) | 1.4 | −0.7 to 3.5 | 0.196 | 0.9 | −2.1 to 4.0 | 0.533 |
| Per cent of MVCs involving alcohol | 0.3 | −0.3 to 0.88 | 0.333 | 0.4 | −0.1 to 0.9 | 0.089 |
*
Policy coefficients are adjusted for state characteristics. Adjusted coefficients for each state characteristic are drawn from the model using policy tertiles.
IPV, intimate partner violence.