At the indicated time-points, GCF was collected from monkeys with natural periodontitis which were treated three times weekly for 6 weeks with Cp40 in the maxilla (“Cp40”) but not in the mandible (“Untreated”). Total cytokine or mediator content (A, IL-1β; B, IL-6; C, IL-8; D, IL-17; E, RANKL; F, OPG; G, C3a; H, C5/C5a) in the eluted GCF samples was measured using a Bio-Plex system or ELISA (C3a only). Data are means ± SD (n = 10 monkeys). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 compared to baseline (one-way repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test).