Table 4.

Adjusted odds ratios from multinomial logistic regression of violence categories on sociodemographic status, past-year DSM-IV substance use disorder criteria,^a and criminal justice involvement, among youth ages 12–17

Potential risk factors	Contrast of violence categories
	Self-directed vs. none		Other-directed vs. none		Combined vs. none		Other-directed vs. self-directed		Combined vs. self-directed		Combined vs. other-directed
	OR	[95% CI]	OR	[95% CI]	OR	[95% CI]	OR	[95% CI]	OR	[95% CI]	OR	[95% CI]
Sociodemographics
Gender
Female	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Male	0.35**	[0.31, 0.38]	1.72**	[1.59, 1.87]	0.60**	[0.49, 0.73]	4.99**	[4.31, 5.78]	1.72**	[1.37, 2.16]	0.35**	[0.28, 0.43]
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Non-Hispanic Black	0.76**	[0.64, 0.89]	2.39**	[2.19, 2.61]	1.44**	[1.11, 1.86]	3.16**	[2.62, 3.81]	1.90**	[1.40, 2.58]	0.60**	[0.45, 0.79]
Non-Hispanic Native American/Alaska native	1.14	[0.70, 1.85]	1 71**	[1.22, 2.39]	1.43	[0.84, 2.44]	1.50	[0.86, 2.62]	1.26	[0.60, 2.64]	0.84	[0.44, 1.57]
Non-Hispanic Native	1.20	[0.56, 2.60]	1.59	[0.88, 2.85]	0.31	[0.09, 1.05]	1.32	[0.50, 3.51]	0.26*	[0.07, 0.97]	0.20*	[0.05, 0.71]
Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander
Non-Hispanic Asian	0.71*	[0.52, 0.98]	0.79	[0.59, 1.06]	1.14	[0.66, 1.96]	1.11	[0.74, 1.66]	1.59	[0.86, 2.93]	1.43	[0.77, 2.68]
Non-Hispanic more than one race	1.44**	[1.12, 1.85]	1.55**	[1.26, 1.91]	2.51**	[1.57, 4.00]	1.08	[0.80, 1.44]	1.74*	[1.03, 2.95]	1.62*	[1.02, 2.56]
Hispanic	0.80**	[0.71, 0.91]	1.18**	[1.07, 1.31]	0.86	[0.68, 1.09]	1.47**	[1.25, 1.74]	1.07	[0.81, 1.42]	0.73**	[0.58, 0.92]
Age, for each 1-year increase	1.14**	[1.10, 1.18]	0.94**	[0.92, 0.97]	0.94*	[0.90, 0.99]	0.83**	[0.80, 0.86]	0.83**	[0.78, 0.87]	1.00	[0.95, 1.06]
Family income
<$10,000	1.40**	[1.10, 1.78]	1.64**	[1.42, 1.90]	1.88**	[1.27, 2.78]	1.17	[0.92, 1.50]	1.34	[0.87, 2.06]	1.14	[0.79, 1.65]
$10,000–$29,999	1.45**	[1.27, 1.64]	1.55**	[1.38, 1.74]	1.58**	[1.23, 2.03]	1.07	[0.91, 1.27]	1.09	[0.82, 1.46]	1.02	[0.77, 1.35]
$30,000–$74,999	1.20**	[1.08, 1.32]	1.32**	[1.19, 1.46]	1.55**	[1.22, 1.97]	1.10	[0.96, 1.27]	1.29	[0.99, 1.70]	1.18	[0.91, 1.52]
≥$75,000	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Substance use disorder criteria Alcohol use disorder
0–1 criteria	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
2–3 criteria	1.64**	[1.38, 1.96]	2.66**	[2.30, 3.07]	2.71**	[2.01, 3.68]	1.62**	[1.34, 1.95]	1.65**	[1.17, 2.34]	1.02	[0.76, 1.37]
≥4 criteria
Nicotine dependence	1.84**	[1.39, 2.44]	3.34**	[2.60, 4.28]	3.15**	[2.20, 4.51]	1.81**	[1.28, 2.57]	1.71*	[1.10, 2.66]	0.94	[0.63, 1.42]
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes
Marijuana use disorder	1.44**	[1.12, 1.86]	2.15**	[1.82, 2.54]	2.34**	[1.65, 3.32]	1.49**	[1.12, 1.98]	1.62*	[1.09, 2.41]	1.09	[0.75, 1.57]
0–1 criteria	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
2–3 criteria	1.71**	[1.37, 2.15]	2.03**	[1.76, 2.34]	2.06**	[1.52, 2.79]	1.18	[0.94, 1.50]	1.20	[0.83, 1.74]	1.01	[0.72, 1.42]
≥4 criteria	2.21**	[1.57, 3.10]	2.69**	[2.15, 3.36]	2.34**	[1.62, 3.38]	1.22	[0.87, 1.71]	1.06	[0.67, 1.67]	0.87	[0.59, 1.28]
Other drug use disorders
0–1 criteria	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
2–3 criteria	3.42**	[2.63, 4.45]	2.19**	[1.63, 2.95]	6.49**	[4.31, 9.78]	0.64**	[0.47, 0.87]	1.90**	[1.20, 3.01]	2.96**	[1.86, 4.72]
≥4 criteria	3.54**	[2.51, 5.00]	2.07**	[1.51, 2.84]	9.91**	[6.90, 14.24]	0.59**	[0.41, 0.83]	2.80**	[1.82, 4.32]	4.79**	[3.24, 7.06]
Criminal justice involvement
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	1.95**	[1.27, 3.00]	2.28**	[1.87, 2.77]	3.02**	[2.07, 4.43]	1.17	[0.79, 1.73]	1.55	[0.92, 2.61]	1.33	[0.94, 1.87]

Notes: DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

^aAlcohol use disorder criteria, marijuana use disorder criteria, and other drug use disorder criteria in the past year were the original DSM-IV criteria, excluding the criterion of legal problems. However, nicotine dependence in the past month was assessed based on the dependence criteria according to the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale and the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01.