Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with and without persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) at 3 months after surgery according to postoperative group of treatment.
| Group ketorolac | Group tramadol | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No PPSP | PPSP | No PPSP | PPSP | |
| (n = 86) | (n = 12) | (n = 90) | (n = 6) | |
| Age (years) | 58 ± 14 | 49 ± 14 | 56 ±15 | 58 ± 11 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25 ± 2.4 | 25 ± 2.8 | 25 ± 3.0 | 26 ± 3.0 |
| Preoperative NLR | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 1.85 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 1.87 ± 0.5 |
| Proinflammatory condition (n)† | 8 [8%] | 0 [0%] | 9 [10%] | 1 [17%] |
| Hypertension (n) | 20 [23%] | 5 [42%] | 21 [23%] | 2 [33%] |
| Anxiety depression (n - %) | 7 [8%] | 1 [8%] | 8 [9%] | 1 [17%] |
| Postoperative NRS ≥ 6/10 at 24 h (n) | 8 [9%] | 1 [13%] | 7 [8%] | 0 [0%] |
| Type of anesthesia (n) | ||||
| General | 22 [26%] | 2 [17%] | 20 [22%] | 0 [0%] |
| Spinal | 40 [47%] | 1 [8%]∗ | 46 [51%] | 2 [33%] |
| Local infiltration | 24 [28%] | 9 [75%]∗∗ | 24 [27%] | 4 [67%] |
∗ p = 0.01 between patients with PPSP and patients with no PPSP in ketorolac group of treatment; ∗∗ p = 0.02 between patients with PPSP and patients with no PPSP in ketorolac group of treatment. There were no other statistically significant differences among the groups presented in the table. †Proinflammatory condition was defined as follows: either the presence or combination of BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, NLR ≥ 4, or the existence of a proinflammatory medical condition (rheumatologic disease, bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and migraine headache).